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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spannungstensor</span></h1>
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<p>Ein <b>Spannungstensor</b> ist ein <a href="Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensor</a> zweiter Stufe, der den <a href="Spannungszustand" title="Spannungszustand">Spannungszustand</a> in einem bestimmten Punkt innerhalb der Materie beschreibt. Er ist eine wesentliche Größe der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Kontinuumsmechanik</a>, in der er bei der Formulierung <a href="Physikalisches_Gesetz" title="Physikalisches Gesetz">physikalischer Gesetze</a> auftritt. Eine <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a> wird über <a href="Stoffschluss" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoffschluss">Stoffschluss</a> von Körpern durch ein sie ausfüllendes Spannungstensorfeld <a href="Kraft%C3%BCbertragung" title="Kraftübertragung">übertragen</a>, das den <a href="Kraftfluss" title="Kraftfluss">Kraftfluss</a> im Körper darstellt. Die <a href="Leistung_(Physik)" title="Leistung (Physik)">Leistung</a> des Spannungstensors an <a href="Geschwindigkeitsgradient#Dehn-_und_Schergeschwindigkeiten" title="Geschwindigkeitsgradient">Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeiten</a> trägt zur <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Energiebilanz" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Energiebilanz</a> bei.
</p><p>Der Spannungstensor fasst die Normalspannungen in <a href="Normale" class="mw-redirect" title="Normale">Normalenrichtung</a>, sowie <a href="Tangential" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangential">tangential</a> wirkende (transversale) <a href="Scherspannung" class="mw-redirect" title="Scherspannung">Scherspannungen</a> zu einem mathematischen Objekt zusammen. Die Komponenten des Spannungstensors haben die <a href="Dimension_(Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem)" title="Dimension (Größensystem)">Dimension</a> M L<sup>−1</sup> T<sup> −2</sup> also <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a> pro <a href="Fl%C3%A4cheninhalt" title="Flächeninhalt">Fläche</a>, für die in der <a href="Mechanik_fester_K%C3%B6rper" title="Mechanik fester Körper">Festkörpermechanik</a> die Einheiten <a href="Pascal_(Einheit)#Megapascal" title="Pascal (Einheit)">Megapascal</a> (MPa) und <a href="Newton_(Einheit)" title="Newton (Einheit)">Newton</a> pro <a href="Quadratmillimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratmillimeter">Quadratmillimeter</a> (N/mm²) üblich sind. Eingeführt wurde der Spannungstensor von <a href="Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Augustin-Louis Cauchy</a>.
</p><p>Verwendet wird dieser Tensor vor allem in der Physik (<a href="Festk%C3%B6rperphysik" title="Festkörperphysik">Festkörperphysik</a>, <a href="Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik" title="Strömungsmechanik">Strömungsmechanik</a> und <a href="Klassische_Mechanik" title="Klassische Mechanik">klassische Mechanik</a>, teilweise <a href="Geophysik" title="Geophysik">Geophysik</a>) und in der <a href="Elektrodynamik" title="Elektrodynamik">Elektrodynamik</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Spannungstensoren können in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt werden:
</p>
<ol><li>Spannungstensoren, die in der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Impulsbilanz" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Impulsbilanz</a> eingesetzt werden und</li>
<li>Spannungstensoren, die in der Materialtheorie eingesetzt werden.</li></ol>
<p>Der Cauchy’sche Spannungstensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e45fe1b9d8dcbc3103fc7805d69798bfe5ca5b16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.594ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span> gehört beiden Gruppen an und ist das am meisten benutzte Spannungsmaß. Er wird oftmals ohne Namenszusatz einfach nur Spannungstensor genannt. Die Spannungstensoren können alle jederzeit und überall ineinander umgerechnet werden, weswegen alle Spannungstensoren physikalisch gleich relevant sind. Sie sind in verschiedenen Kontexten lediglich mehr oder weniger praktisch in der Anwendung. Die Formelzeichen für die Spannungstensoren sind in der Literatur nicht einheitlich.
Bei <a href="Geometrische_Linearisierung" title="Geometrische Linearisierung">kleinen Verzerrungen</a> braucht nicht zwischen diesen Spannungstensoren unterschieden zu werden.
Die Spannungstensoren sind <a href="Euklidische_Transformation" title="Euklidische Transformation">objektive</a>, bezugssysteminvariante Tensoren, d.&nbsp;h. zwei verschiedene Beobachter nehmen die Spannungstensoren immer in gleicher Weise wahr.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spannungstensoren,_die_in_der_Impulsbilanz_eingesetzt_werden"><span id="Spannungstensoren.2C_die_in_der_Impulsbilanz_eingesetzt_werden"></span>Spannungstensoren, die in der Impulsbilanz eingesetzt werden</h3></div>

<p>In einer gedachten Schnittfläche durch die Materie übt die in Gedanken weggeschnittene Materie dem <a href="Schnittprinzip" title="Schnittprinzip">Schnittprinzip</a> folgend auf die verbliebene Materie eine Spannung aus, die sich als Cauchy’scher <b>Spannungsvektor</b> (auch <b>Traktionsvektor</b> genannt) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}=\sigma _{nn}{\hat {n}}+\tau _{nt_{1}}{\hat {e}}_{t_{1}}+\tau _{nt_{2}}{\hat {e}}_{t_{2}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}=\sigma _{nn}{\hat {n}}+\tau _{nt_{1}}{\hat {e}}_{t_{1}}+\tau _{nt_{2}}{\hat {e}}_{t_{2}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ee34702e808a8b68a0b3691252761eab7968514.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.162ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}=\sigma _{nn}{\hat {n}}+\tau _{nt_{1}}{\hat {e}}_{t_{1}}+\tau _{nt_{2}}{\hat {e}}_{t_{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus einer Normalspannungskomponente <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{nn}}">
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<p>Am jeweiligen Ort schneiden sich drei solche gedachten Schnittflächen mit den Basiseinheitsvektoren des Koordinatensystems <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}}">
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {e}}_{i})}=\sum _{j=1}^{3}\left(\sigma _{ij}\,{\hat {e}}_{j}\right)\quad \leftrightarrow \quad {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\,\left({\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {e}}_{i})}\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\,\sum _{j=1}^{3}\,\left(\sigma _{ij}\,{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}\right)\,.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {e}}_{i})}=\sum _{j=1}^{3}\left(\sigma _{ij}\,{\hat {e}}_{j}\right)\quad \leftrightarrow \quad {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\,\left({\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {e}}_{i})}\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\,\sum _{j=1}^{3}\,\left(\sigma _{ij}\,{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}\right)\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c77bc8ad2892a9e0e747533f8511420d20fc60a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:74.044ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {e}}_{i})}=\sum _{j=1}^{3}\left(\sigma _{ij}\,{\hat {e}}_{j}\right)\quad \leftrightarrow \quad {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\,\left({\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {e}}_{i})}\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\,\sum _{j=1}^{3}\,\left(\sigma _{ij}\,{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}\right)\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \otimes }">
<semantics>
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<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \otimes }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de29098f5a34ee296a505681a0d5e875070f2aea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \otimes }" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Dyadisches_Produkt" title="Dyadisches Produkt">dyadische Produkt</a> (Tensorprodukt zweier Vektoren). Die Wahl des Koordinatensystems ist dabei ohne Belang, denn als Tensor ist der Spannungstensor koordinatenunabhängig. Mit dem so definierten Spannungstensor berechnet man den Spannungsvektor an einer infinitesimalen Schnittfläche mit dem Normalenvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d125dccc556f5c8b0bf98a4f3847590b3f353bd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gemäß:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6cb3600c89ecdd692e9fdab51452de00d19c10b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.162ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">Transposition</a> „( · )<sup>T</sup>“ ist der Bedeutung der Indizes der Komponenten geschuldet. Zu Ehren seines Urhebers wird dieser Tensor auch Cauchy’scher Spannungstensor genannt, der sich aus den „wahren“ oder „aktuellen“ Spannungen zusammensetzt. Er ist auf Grund des <a href="Cauchy-Eulersche_Bewegungsgesetze#Zweites_Cauchy-Euler’sches_Bewegungsgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauchy-Eulersche Bewegungsgesetze">zweiten Cauchy-Euler’schen Bewegungsgesetzes</a> (<a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Drehimpulsbilanz" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Drehimpulsbilanz</a>) <a href="Symmetrische_Matrix" title="Symmetrische Matrix">symmetrisch</a> und wird in der <a href="Eulersche_Betrachtungsweise" title="Eulersche Betrachtungsweise">Euler’schen Betrachtungsweise</a> benutzt.
</p><p>Bei der Umrechnung der Spannungsvektoren von der räumlichen Euler’schen in die materielle <a href="Lagrangesche_Betrachtungsweise" title="Lagrangesche Betrachtungsweise">Lagrange’sche Darstellung</a> muss die Änderung der <a href="Deformationsgradient#Linien-,_Flächen-_und_Volumenelemente" title="Deformationsgradient">Oberflächenelemente</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\mathrm {d} a=\det(\mathbf {F)F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\hat {N}}\mathrm {d} A}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\mathrm {d} a=\det(\mathbf {F)F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\hat {N}}\mathrm {d} A}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d3aed1f2ee43fd5723ca7843c3f0235829bbb4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.944ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\mathrm {d} a=\det(\mathbf {F)F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\hat {N}}\mathrm {d} A}" loading="lazy"></span> berücksichtigt werden. Darin ist <b>F</b> der <a href="Deformationsgradient" title="Deformationsgradient">Deformationsgradient</a>, <b>F</b><sup>T−1</sup> die <a href="Inverse_Matrix" title="Inverse Matrix">Inverse</a> seiner <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">Transponierten</a> und det(<b>F</b>) seine <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a>. Die Normaleneinheitsvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d125dccc556f5c8b0bf98a4f3847590b3f353bd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {N}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {N}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b9b81dbfd5ef1a73800b14a8d2e84a00c59667f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {N}}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind genauso wie die Differentiale d<i>a</i> und d<i>A</i> in der räumlichen bzw. der materiellen Darstellung definiert. Damit lautet ein „Oberflächenkraftelement“:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}\,\mathrm {d} a=&amp;{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\vec {n}}\,\mathrm {d} a={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot \det \mathbf {(F)F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\vec {N}}\,\mathrm {d} A=\mathbf {N} ^{\top }\cdot {\vec {N}}\,\mathrm {d} A=\mathbf {P} \cdot {\vec {N}}\,\mathrm {d} A\\\Leftrightarrow \mathbf {N} =&amp;\det \mathbf {(F)F} ^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\mathbf {P} ^{\top }\end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}\,\mathrm {d} a=&amp;{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\vec {n}}\,\mathrm {d} a={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot \det \mathbf {(F)F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\vec {N}}\,\mathrm {d} A=\mathbf {N} ^{\top }\cdot {\vec {N}}\,\mathrm {d} A=\mathbf {P} \cdot {\vec {N}}\,\mathrm {d} A\\\Leftrightarrow \mathbf {N} =&amp;\det \mathbf {(F)F} ^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\mathbf {P} ^{\top }\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbd9df3e75dc00e737ca7528e04c7fbe01b7ea5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.04ex; margin-bottom: -0.298ex; width:73.118ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}\,\mathrm {d} a=&amp;{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\vec {n}}\,\mathrm {d} a={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot \det \mathbf {(F)F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\vec {N}}\,\mathrm {d} A=\mathbf {N} ^{\top }\cdot {\vec {N}}\,\mathrm {d} A=\mathbf {P} \cdot {\vec {N}}\,\mathrm {d} A\\\Leftrightarrow \mathbf {N} =&amp;\det \mathbf {(F)F} ^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\mathbf {P} ^{\top }\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist <b>N</b> der Nennspannungstensor (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">nominal stress</span>), der die Spannungen bezogen auf die Ausgangsfläche repräsentiert, und <b>P</b> ist der erste Piola-Kirchhoff'sche Spannungstensor. Diese beiden Tensoren sind im Allgemeinen unsymmetrisch, aber die Produkte <b>F · N</b> und <b>P · F</b><sup>T</sup> müssen symmetrisch sein, siehe <a href="#Drehimpulsbilanz_oder_zweites_Cauchy-Euler’sches_Bewegungsgesetz">#Drehimpulsbilanz oder zweites Cauchy-Euler’sches Bewegungsgesetz</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_in_der_Materialtheorie_eingesetzte_Spannungstensoren">Weitere in der Materialtheorie eingesetzte Spannungstensoren</h3></div>
<p>Beim Spannungstensor handelt es sich um ein <a href="Tensorfeld" title="Tensorfeld">Tensorfeld</a>, das an jedem materiellen oder räumlichen Punkt innerhalb eines Körpers definiert ist. Erstere materielle Sichtweise entspricht der <a href="Lagrangesche_Betrachtungsweise" title="Lagrangesche Betrachtungsweise">Lagrange’schen Darstellung</a> und letztere räumliche der <a href="Eulersche_Betrachtungsweise" title="Eulersche Betrachtungsweise">Euler’schen Darstellung</a>. Beide Betrachtungsweisen definieren mehrere Spannungstensoren:
</p>
<ul><li>Den räumlichen Cauchy’schen Spannungstensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\,,}">
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</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/022fcaa1629a001a9b3ff05257a942ee75422a9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.628ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Den räumlichen gewichteten Cauchy’schen oder Kirchhoff’schen Spannungstensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =J{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =J{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b01b1bdf8604e6eacfca5b97dd0a639f7059544.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.65ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =J{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der in der Metall-Plastizität angewendet wird, wo die plastische Inkompressibilität <i>J</i> konstant gehalten wird,</li>
<li>Den materiellen zweiten <a href="Gabrio_Piola" title="Gabrio Piola">Piola</a>-<a href="Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Robert Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a>’schen Spannungstensor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}=\mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {S\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}=\mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {S\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a3e4b5ce7b8136491d28db90a236875fbc11170.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:19.111ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}=\mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {S\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der beispielsweise bei der <a href="Cauchy-Elastizit%C3%A4t" title="Cauchy-Elastizität">Cauchy-Elastizität</a> angewendet wird,</li>
<li>Den materiellen konvektiven Spannungstensor<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}=\mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot S\cdot F} \,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}=\mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot S\cdot F} \,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85a8b42312c4a94a9dd5329bf954820b775e3f6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:15.015ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}=\mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot S\cdot F} \,.}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Viskoser Spannungstensor in fließenden Medien</li></ul>
<p>Darin ist <b>F</b> der <a href="Deformationsgradient" title="Deformationsgradient">Deformationsgradient</a>, <b>F</b><sup>−1</sup> seine <a href="Inverse_Matrix" title="Inverse Matrix">Inverse</a>, <b>F</b><sup>T−1</sup> die Inverse der Transponierten und <i>J</i> = det(<b>F</b>) seine <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a>. Diese Spannungstensoren sind auf Grund der Drehimpulsbilanz symmetrisch. Die Benutzung dieser Tensoren wird im Abschnitt <a href="#Energiebilanz">#Energiebilanz</a> vorgestellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umrechnung_der_Spannungstensoren_ineinander">Umrechnung der Spannungstensoren ineinander</h3></div>
<p>Die Tabelle fasst die Umrechnung der Tensoren zusammen.
</p>
<table class="wikitable center">

<tbody><tr>
<th></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e45fe1b9d8dcbc3103fc7805d69798bfe5ca5b16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.594ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac8a515de34f0af7d15de46f73bf674950d444a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.485ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c9a3a6a6d1647ff631bf4ed995d6c1d53410666.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.859ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0c250ef2a112c86b93c637dfa288c6d7f34ac3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2f63b6cd6d63ee9b7be0b7e4d14099d7153bd43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }" loading="lazy"></span></th>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6e9bdd27b121b8871a1c44f92fbbea0a3541ebc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51dfcccdb74c153c0b0bcc4e19c9da4472eeb8f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.048ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e45fe1b9d8dcbc3103fc7805d69798bfe5ca5b16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.594ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {S} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>J</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {S} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2bad46f9c85c3c5eaaafeb9c23ada4b61a4277c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:3.793ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {S} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {F} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>J</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {F} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd5e8e05136be677fb1629516680ff84f6763efd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.401ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {F} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {P\cdot F} ^{\top }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>J</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {P\cdot F} ^{\top }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e76dd9cdf03d2e7a65ddaecf565cb3047df9f8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.007ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {P\cdot F} ^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {F\cdot N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>J</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {F\cdot N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19d66ce0ff396c9260624543d91279c2a16cfbdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.761ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {F\cdot N} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>J</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77d27d440a59fb1d5dad736bc9c50462fd3b9cee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.138ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{J}}\mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99b61915f51fd40c13979dd3f5d6b202f6f08f0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.939ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5a356a5667fd6d75987abd23e76e5f5ae8c1140.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac8a515de34f0af7d15de46f73bf674950d444a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.485ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0e19736e081daa7835cd2dfe0113c0bbcf9faad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.094ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P\cdot F} ^{\top }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P\cdot F} ^{\top }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7746b023b0d729acc71abf565321886d9f8dd5ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.699ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P\cdot F} ^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F\cdot N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F\cdot N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1ae0cd1101dafec014df705d90e622949eb1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F\cdot N} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42cf17b201a90c35263829f002751cb00f8fd99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.83ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}=}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}=}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eabc0dc881dd4a1a10e25695b3d10e62af8af4cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.313ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}=}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81053cbbc7eebb8aaa20a8da6e798c95536fe7d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:15.734ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {S\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {S\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a9f9d2fba6e8e5517f140ebb283170a12f0170b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.153ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {S\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c9a3a6a6d1647ff631bf4ed995d6c1d53410666.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.859ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {P} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {P} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1586728a635c90200ea018bdd42ccafd0b81447.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.521ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {P} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {N\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/388e734d2351c4a67cc3f25ea38b9a1f3dd8734a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.065ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ^{-1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {C} ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ^{-1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {C} ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/463b2617930eb38cbe01401c9e0aeb98e4d0902f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.049ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ^{-1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {C} ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f240a6b8168dffac4e8cc44066616445a7f7c7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.28ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae7d4f91496607fcbb3429a7611e6572900f2de6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.039ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {S\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/529fa4b02269481dc83e60c98d8269d00628d2fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.458ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {S\cdot F} ^{\top -1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e974c6e4d42a0750ba6b8e44b32d35573ca1f75d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.221ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0c250ef2a112c86b93c637dfa288c6d7f34ac3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} ^{\top }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} ^{\top }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a354d734ea1a1c6301f5d225d2cb90c11008cb4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.602ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} ^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {C} ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {C} ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76ced74e3cdca8125e8e195b33dae1e8f63a425b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.079ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {C} ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} =}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} =}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c41575e371950f4e2f12907247d0ba3915ae097d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.545ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} =}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ccfa24753ab1e1133c06503c721ac0a85cee3cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.76ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {S} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {S} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3ca6c0f9aae5d06567dee7ed45a98b691ac5de0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.18ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {S} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3332af049fd7b9c9b7670b0bd64ad12a52f60341.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ^{\top }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ^{\top }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b82c0f56eedcd26a044cb3c112ea0fa4def8270.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.338ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2f63b6cd6d63ee9b7be0b7e4d14099d7153bd43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ^{-1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ^{-1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e61b6bb23c103c7dcd2fab7fc2538c14d198e389.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.8ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ^{-1}\cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}=}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}=}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/222e71d436597e64d5cca879aaa680b18c2f56ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.616ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}=}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\mathbf {F} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {F} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\mathbf {F} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {F} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c1547e3ab4dbc535b524dcd3ae4878e432db1d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.3ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\mathbf {F} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {F} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot S\cdot F} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot S\cdot F} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54aa8fc6a5bb8a5051494e25034f8fe86d9626f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.72ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot S\cdot F} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d43760cd75d19d3ed58e3b91892a925842f4c9a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.08ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C} \cdot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}\cdot \mathbf {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot P\cdot C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot P\cdot C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b03ddfa6117e5ad69679913b3a4d704b74d0ee43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.31ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot P\cdot C} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C\cdot N\cdot F} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {C\cdot N\cdot F} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27ae43fa017273be1539de45ea5499086758341d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {C\cdot N\cdot F} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6e9bdd27b121b8871a1c44f92fbbea0a3541ebc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Darin ist <b>F</b> der <a href="Deformationsgradient" title="Deformationsgradient">Deformationsgradient</a>, <b>F</b><sup>−1</sup> seine <a href="Inverse_Matrix" title="Inverse Matrix">Inverse</a>, <b>F</b><sup>T−1</sup> seine transponiert Inverse, <i>J</i> = det(<b>F</b>) seine <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a> und <b>C</b> = <b>F</b><sup>T</sup> · <b>F</b> der <a href="Strecktensor" title="Strecktensor">rechte-Cauchy-Green-Tensor</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schreibweisen">Schreibweisen</h3></div>
<p>In Matrizenschreibweise wird ein Spannungstensor in folgenden, üblichen Formen angegeben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{x}&amp;\tau _{xy}&amp;\tau _{xz}\\\tau _{yx}&amp;\sigma _{y}&amp;\tau _{yz}\\\tau _{zx}&amp;\tau _{zy}&amp;\sigma _{z}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\sigma _{12}&amp;\sigma _{13}\\\sigma _{21}&amp;\sigma _{22}&amp;\sigma _{23}\\\sigma _{31}&amp;\sigma _{32}&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>23</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>31</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>32</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>33</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{x}&amp;\tau _{xy}&amp;\tau _{xz}\\\tau _{yx}&amp;\sigma _{y}&amp;\tau _{yz}\\\tau _{zx}&amp;\tau _{zy}&amp;\sigma _{z}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\sigma _{12}&amp;\sigma _{13}\\\sigma _{21}&amp;\sigma _{22}&amp;\sigma _{23}\\\sigma _{31}&amp;\sigma _{32}&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6608cb6ebb2ad3a9ba14b54a2dec8e7460655c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:45.299ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{x}&amp;\tau _{xy}&amp;\tau _{xz}\\\tau _{yx}&amp;\sigma _{y}&amp;\tau _{yz}\\\tau _{zx}&amp;\tau _{zy}&amp;\sigma _{z}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\sigma _{12}&amp;\sigma _{13}\\\sigma _{21}&amp;\sigma _{22}&amp;\sigma _{23}\\\sigma _{31}&amp;\sigma _{32}&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Manchmal, wie in der linken Matrizenschreibweise, wird der Index der Normalspannungskomponente nur einfach notiert (wie in <i>σ</i><sub>x</sub> = <i>σ</i><sub>xx</sub>), denn bei ihr ist Normalen- und Wirkrichtung gleich. Es muss jedoch gewährleistet sein, dass eine Verwechselung mit den Hauptspannungen (<i>σ</i><sub>1,2,3</sub> oder <i>σ</i><sub>I,II,III</sub>) ausgeschlossen ist.
</p><p>Die <a href="Symmetrische_Matrix" title="Symmetrische Matrix">symmetrischen</a> Spannungstensoren, insbesondere der Cauchy’sche Spannungstensor, bestehen nicht aus neun unabhängigen Größen, sondern nur aus sechs und können in der <a href="Voigtsche_Notation" title="Voigtsche Notation">Voigt’schen Notation</a> als ein 6×1-Vektor geschrieben werden, wodurch die Notation deutlich vereinfacht wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{x}\\\sigma _{y}\\\sigma _{z}\\\tau _{yz}\\\tau _{xz}\\\tau _{xy}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{x}\\\sigma _{y}\\\sigma _{z}\\\tau _{yz}\\\tau _{xz}\\\tau _{xy}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8af9d976ffd1a91afb039c3e658715cca2cf1a8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.338ex; width:12.252ex; height:19.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{x}\\\sigma _{y}\\\sigma _{z}\\\tau _{yz}\\\tau _{xz}\\\tau _{xy}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften_der_symmetrischen_Spannungstensoren">Eigenschaften der symmetrischen Spannungstensoren</h2></div>
<p><span id="Eigensystem"></span>
Für Matrizen wie für Spannungstensoren sind Eigenwerte <i>σ</i><sub>i</sub> und Eigenvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fda848e6a1d7255581b5853435e8319267a42bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> bedeutsam, die das <a href="Eigenwertproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwertproblem">Eigenwertproblem</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {v}}_{i}=\sigma _{i}{\hat {v}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {v}}_{i}=\sigma _{i}{\hat {v}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/882bc39bf42ff6ef51dc6fb7bf4c7df1337dd912.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.552ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {v}}_{i}=\sigma _{i}{\hat {v}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>lösen. Die Eigenwerte sind bezugssysteminvariant, aber es gibt noch weitere Invarianten (die aus den drei Eigenwerten ableitbar sind), die für die Beurteilung des Spannungszustands geeignet sind.
</p><p>Bei den symmetrischen Spannungstensoren sind die Eigenwerte sämtlich reell und die Eigenvektoren paarweise senkrecht oder orthogonalisierbar.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hauptspannungen_und_maximale_Schnittspannungen">Hauptspannungen und maximale Schnittspannungen</h3></div>
<p>Die Eigenwerte werden Hauptspannungen und die (auf die Länge eins normierten und deshalb mit Hut geschriebenen) Eigenvektoren Hauptspannungsrichtungen genannt, siehe <a href="Spannung_(Mechanik)#Hauptspannung_und_Hauptspannungsrichtung" class="mw-redirect" title="Spannung (Mechanik)">Hauptspannung und Hauptspannungsrichtung</a>. In den Hauptspannungsrichtungen gibt es nur Normalspannungen und keine Schubspannungen.
</p><p>Die Eigenwerte ergeben sich aus der <i><a href="Charakteristisches_Polynom" title="Charakteristisches Polynom">charakteristischen Gleichung</a></i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {det} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-\sigma _{i}\mathbf {1} )=-\sigma _{i}^{3}+\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\sigma _{i}^{2}-\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\sigma _{i}+\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=0\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>det</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {det} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-\sigma _{i}\mathbf {1} )=-\sigma _{i}^{3}+\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\sigma _{i}^{2}-\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\sigma _{i}+\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=0\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52cbe7e91a6f4efc2417db490fe19d899ab3bde3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:54.449ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {det} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-\sigma _{i}\mathbf {1} )=-\sigma _{i}^{3}+\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\sigma _{i}^{2}-\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\sigma _{i}+\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=0\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>worin die Koeffizienten für die <a href="Hauptinvariante" title="Hauptinvariante">Hauptinvarianten</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{xx}+\sigma _{yy}+\sigma _{zz}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}[\operatorname {I} _{1}{({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}^{2}-\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{2})]=\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yy}+\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{zz}+\sigma _{yy}\sigma _{zz}-\sigma _{xy}^{2}-\sigma _{xz}^{2}-\sigma _{yz}^{2}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;\operatorname {det} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yy}\sigma _{zz}+2\sigma _{xy}\sigma _{yz}\sigma _{xz}-\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yz}^{2}-\sigma _{xy}^{2}\sigma _{zz}-\sigma _{xz}^{2}\sigma _{yy}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="0.73em 0.73em 0.3em" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
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<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mtd>
<mi>Sp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>det</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{xx}+\sigma _{yy}+\sigma _{zz}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}[\operatorname {I} _{1}{({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}^{2}-\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{2})]=\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yy}+\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{zz}+\sigma _{yy}\sigma _{zz}-\sigma _{xy}^{2}-\sigma _{xz}^{2}-\sigma _{yz}^{2}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;\operatorname {det} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yy}\sigma _{zz}+2\sigma _{xy}\sigma _{yz}\sigma _{xz}-\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yz}^{2}-\sigma _{xy}^{2}\sigma _{zz}-\sigma _{xz}^{2}\sigma _{yy}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55c6b29fac3af1ad1ed1327203494cc9810f7526.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.338ex; width:74.223ex; height:13.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{xx}+\sigma _{yy}+\sigma _{zz}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}[\operatorname {I} _{1}{({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}^{2}-\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{2})]=\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yy}+\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{zz}+\sigma _{yy}\sigma _{zz}-\sigma _{xy}^{2}-\sigma _{xz}^{2}-\sigma _{yz}^{2}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;\operatorname {det} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yy}\sigma _{zz}+2\sigma _{xy}\sigma _{yz}\sigma _{xz}-\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yz}^{2}-\sigma _{xy}^{2}\sigma _{zz}-\sigma _{xz}^{2}\sigma _{yy}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>stehen und die Komponenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43acbf52cc4d4f83f187ceaa49f045114b71772e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.804ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Spannungskomponenten im kartesischen xyz-System sind. Der Operator „Sp“ bildet die <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spur</a>, „det“ die <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a> und <b>1</b> ist der <a href="Einheitstensor" title="Einheitstensor">Einheitstensor</a>.
</p><p>Die <i>Hauptspannungsrichtungen</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fda848e6a1d7255581b5853435e8319267a42bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind paarweise senkrecht zueinander oder orthogonalisierbar und bilden somit eine <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a>. In diesem Basissystem besitzt der Spannungstensor <a href="Diagonalmatrix" title="Diagonalmatrix">Diagonalgestalt</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sigma _{i}{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{i}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{1}&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;\sigma _{II}&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;\sigma _{III}\end{pmatrix}}_{{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{j}}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sigma _{i}{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{i}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{1}&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;\sigma _{II}&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;\sigma _{III}\end{pmatrix}}_{{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{j}}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db9d0988ffb85ebdbcaaade859be6cd15cb4d3a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.838ex; width:45.318ex; height:10.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sigma _{i}{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{i}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{1}&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;\sigma _{II}&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;\sigma _{III}\end{pmatrix}}_{{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{j}}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Beträge der Schnittspannungsvektoren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}|={\sqrt {({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}})\cdot ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}})}}={\sqrt {{\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}|={\sqrt {({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}})\cdot ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}})}}={\sqrt {{\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3ba09f2fab18c665e524a872595e3b7c03d86dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:46.558ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}|={\sqrt {({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}})\cdot ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}})}}={\sqrt {{\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>nehmen in zwei der drei Hauptspannungsrichtungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\hat {v}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\hat {v}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bfc3daf21990a1d7fa4f0ada9a2306cd8f6930b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.52ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\hat {v}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> Extremwerte an.
</p>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<tbody><tr>
<th>Beweis
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Weil die Wurzelfunktion monoton mit ihrem Argument wächst, kann einfacher nach den Extremwerten der Betragsquadrate gesucht werden:
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f({\hat {n}},\lambda )={\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}-\lambda ({\hat {n}}\cdot {\hat {n}}-1)\rightarrow \mathrm {extr.} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f({\hat {n}},\lambda )={\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}-\lambda ({\hat {n}}\cdot {\hat {n}}-1)\rightarrow \mathrm {extr.} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1153b19c4a4e3ca9a8806abdd46f8886e8fd42b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.31ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f({\hat {n}},\lambda )={\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}-\lambda ({\hat {n}}\cdot {\hat {n}}-1)\rightarrow \mathrm {extr.} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist <i>λ</i> ein <a href="Lagrangescher_Multiplikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangescher Multiplikator">Lagrange’scher Multiplikator</a> für die Nebenbedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\cdot {\hat {n}}=1.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\cdot {\hat {n}}=1.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56fd044b59434f5c9c17de78f7cc586adf62390f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.376ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\cdot {\hat {n}}=1.}" loading="lazy"></span> Im Extremum ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\partial \Pi }{\partial \lambda }}\,{\stackrel {!}{=}}\,0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\partial \Pi }{\partial \lambda }}\,{\stackrel {!}{=}}\,0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/891e7826738c2beaaf194e0dcc6e23fad055c805.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:6.745ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\partial \Pi }{\partial \lambda }}\,{\stackrel {!}{=}}\,0}" loading="lazy"></span> und daher wie gewünscht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\cdot {\hat {n}}=1.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\cdot {\hat {n}}=1.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56fd044b59434f5c9c17de78f7cc586adf62390f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.376ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}\cdot {\hat {n}}=1.}" loading="lazy"></span> Des Weiteren verschwindet die <a href="Richtungsableitung" title="Richtungsableitung">Richtungsableitung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} {\hat {n}}}}\cdot {\vec {h}}:={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}f({\hat {n}}+s{\vec {h}},\lambda )|_{s=0}={\hat {h}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}+{\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {h}}-2\lambda {\hat {n}}\cdot {\vec {h}}=2({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}-\lambda {\hat {n}})\cdot {\vec {h}}\,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}\,0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>!</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} {\hat {n}}}}\cdot {\vec {h}}:={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}f({\hat {n}}+s{\vec {h}},\lambda )|_{s=0}={\hat {h}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}+{\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {h}}-2\lambda {\hat {n}}\cdot {\vec {h}}=2({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}-\lambda {\hat {n}})\cdot {\vec {h}}\,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}\,0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/206e814c82e0e2a5a8ce99eee3136e14ab8607c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:97.925ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} {\hat {n}}}}\cdot {\vec {h}}:={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}f({\hat {n}}+s{\vec {h}},\lambda )|_{s=0}={\hat {h}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}+{\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {h}}-2\lambda {\hat {n}}\cdot {\vec {h}}=2({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}-\lambda {\hat {n}})\cdot {\vec {h}}\,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}\,0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in allen Richtungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {h}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9a5935c480a7fb5cafe355cc2141a8df71ce0f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.986ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}},}" loading="lazy"></span> weshalb der Vektor in den runden Klammern der <a href="Nullvektor" title="Nullvektor">Nullvektor</a> ist und
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}=\lambda {\hat {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}=\lambda {\hat {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a53b6f81e6915a17f5076ec433d12eec1733ad8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:15.301ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}=\lambda {\hat {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>folgt. Demnach ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d125dccc556f5c8b0bf98a4f3847590b3f353bd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> Eigenvektor von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/60ff2f73990e7acf03284142daa2cbf429228241.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.345ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span> und diese Vektoren stimmen mit den Eigenvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fda848e6a1d7255581b5853435e8319267a42bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e45fe1b9d8dcbc3103fc7805d69798bfe5ca5b16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.594ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span> überein wegen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {v}}_{i}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \sigma _{i}{\hat {v}}_{i}=\sigma _{i}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {v}}_{i}=\sigma _{i}^{2}{\hat {v}}_{i}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {v}}_{i}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \sigma _{i}{\hat {v}}_{i}=\sigma _{i}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {v}}_{i}=\sigma _{i}^{2}{\hat {v}}_{i}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8cb9572f171c6fc3d79764276864b17dbb7ba976.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:38.169ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {v}}_{i}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \sigma _{i}{\hat {v}}_{i}=\sigma _{i}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {v}}_{i}=\sigma _{i}^{2}{\hat {v}}_{i}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Üblicherweise sind die Hauptspannungen <i>σ</i><sub>I, II, III</sub> so benannt, dass <i>σ</i><sub>I</sub> ≥ <i>σ</i><sub>II</sub> ≥ <i>σ</i><sub>III</sub> gilt. Dann liegt in der I-Richtung der betraglich größte und in III-Richtung der betraglich kleinste Schnittspannungsvektor.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximale_Schubspannungen">Maximale Schubspannungen</h3></div>
<p>Die maximalen Schubspannungen treten in einer Ebene e auf, die senkrecht zu einer Hauptspannungsrichtung ist. Der <a href="Mohrscher_Spannungskreis" title="Mohrscher Spannungskreis">Mohr’sche Spannungskreis</a> zeigt, dass die maximale Schubspannung im 45°-Winkel zu den Hauptspannungsrichtungen in der Ebene e vorkommt und betraglich gleich der halben Differenz der entsprechenden Hauptspannungen ist. Damit resultiert für die maximale Schubspannung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{I}\geq \sigma _{II}\geq \sigma _{III}\quad \rightarrow \quad \tau _{\rm {max}}={\frac {\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{III}}{2}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{I}\geq \sigma _{II}\geq \sigma _{III}\quad \rightarrow \quad \tau _{\rm {max}}={\frac {\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{III}}{2}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/108536f07c432fcfd882959937771b7715683cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:42.269ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{I}\geq \sigma _{II}\geq \sigma _{III}\quad \rightarrow \quad \tau _{\rm {max}}={\frac {\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{III}}{2}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Falls <i>σ</i><sub>I</sub> = <i>σ</i><sub>III</sub> ist, befindet sich der materielle Punkt unter hydrostatischem Zug/Druck und in <i>keiner</i> Ebene finden sich Schubspannungen.
</p><p>Ist die 1-3-Ebene die <a href="Xy-Ebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Xy-Ebene">xy-Ebene</a> und in ihr ein ebener Spannungszustand (<i>σ</i><sub>x</sub>, <i>σ</i><sub>y</sub>, <i>τ</i><sub>xy</sub>) gegeben, dann lautet die maximale Schubspannung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{\max }={\sqrt {\left({\frac {\sigma _{x}-\sigma _{y}}{2}}\right)^{2}+\tau _{xy}^{2}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{\max }={\sqrt {\left({\frac {\sigma _{x}-\sigma _{y}}{2}}\right)^{2}+\tau _{xy}^{2}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c9deb0e3e4931a0941f2fc64dc5c848bd737e00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:29.251ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{\max }={\sqrt {\left({\frac {\sigma _{x}-\sigma _{y}}{2}}\right)^{2}+\tau _{xy}^{2}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<tbody><tr>
<th>Beweis
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Eine Herleitung der maximalen Schubspannungen gelingt durch Extraktion der Schubspannungen aus dem Spannungstensor über
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{12}={\hat {e}}_{2}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {e}}_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{12}={\hat {e}}_{2}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {e}}_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a687867507656e39b07f160df0cbd49d084d33a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.146ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{12}={\hat {e}}_{2}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {e}}_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Basiseinheitsvektoren <i>ê</i><sub>1,2,3</sub> gehen durch Drehungen aus Basiseinheitsvektoren <i>ê</i><sub>x,y,z</sub> einer beliebigen <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> hervor und es ist diejenige Drehung gesucht, die <i>τ</i><sub>12</sub> <a href="Kritischer_Punkt_(Mathematik)" title="Kritischer Punkt (Mathematik)">stationär</a> werden lässt. Drehungen werden mit <a href="Orthogonaler_Tensor" title="Orthogonaler Tensor">orthogonalen Tensoren</a> <b>Q</b> dargestellt, die die Eigenschaften <b>Q</b>&nbsp;·&nbsp;<b>Q</b><sup>T</sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<b>1</b> mit dem Einheitstensor <b>1</b> aufweisen. Sei also <i>ê</i><sub>1,2,3</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<b>Q</b>&nbsp;·&nbsp;<i>ê</i><sub>x,y,z</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<i>ê</i><sub>x,y,z</sub>&nbsp;·&nbsp;<b>Q</b><sup>T</sup>. Dann soll
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{12}=(\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\hat {e}}_{y})\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot (\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\hat {e}}_{x})={\hat {e}}_{y}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot \mathbf {Q} \cdot {\hat {e}}_{x}=(\mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{12}=(\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\hat {e}}_{y})\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot (\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\hat {e}}_{x})={\hat {e}}_{y}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot \mathbf {Q} \cdot {\hat {e}}_{x}=(\mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/043c23d50ff8ca9a237f984c7a60ff516442ae5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:78.282ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{12}=(\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\hat {e}}_{y})\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot (\mathbf {Q} \cdot {\hat {e}}_{x})={\hat {e}}_{y}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot \mathbf {Q} \cdot {\hat {e}}_{x}=(\mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>stationär werden unter der Nebenbedingung <b>Q</b> · <b>Q</b><sup>T</sup> = <b>1</b>. Der Doppelpunkt „:“ bildet das <a href="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt" title="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt">Frobenius-Skalarprodukt</a> zweier Tensoren <b>A</b> und <b>B</b> mittels der <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spur</a> <b>A</b>&nbsp;: <b>B</b>&nbsp;:= Sp(<b>A</b><sup>T</sup> · <b>B</b>). Die Nebenbedingung wird mit einem tensoriellen Lagrange’schen Multiplikator <b>L</b> in der Zielfunktion berücksichtigt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Pi (\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {L} ):=&amp;(\mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})+\mathbf {L} :(\mathbf {Q\cdot Q^{\top }} -\mathbf {1} )\rightarrow {\text{stat.}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Pi (\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {L} ):=&amp;(\mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})+\mathbf {L} :(\mathbf {Q\cdot Q^{\top }} -\mathbf {1} )\rightarrow {\text{stat.}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/221d1ffc9c49ff1fbe8dc703e2e9954d8910f1cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:63.461ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Pi (\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {L} ):=&amp;(\mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})+\mathbf {L} :(\mathbf {Q\cdot Q^{\top }} -\mathbf {1} )\rightarrow {\text{stat.}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Stationarität tritt ein, wenn die <a href="Richtungsableitung" title="Richtungsableitung">Richtungsableitungen</a> in allen Richtungen <b>H</b> für beide Argumente der Zielfunktion verschwinden. Wenn
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} \Pi (\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {L|H} ):=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}\Pi (\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {L} +s\mathbf {H} )\right|_{s=0}=\mathbf {H} :(\mathbf {Q\cdot Q^{\top }} -\mathbf {1} )\,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}\,0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} \Pi (\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {L|H} ):=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}\Pi (\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {L} +s\mathbf {H} )\right|_{s=0}=\mathbf {H} :(\mathbf {Q\cdot Q^{\top }} -\mathbf {1} )\,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}\,0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe12f53fbc4c2fd9a128d1c4651e2603648ede50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:61.816ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} \Pi (\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {L|H} ):=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}\Pi (\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {L} +s\mathbf {H} )\right|_{s=0}=\mathbf {H} :(\mathbf {Q\cdot Q^{\top }} -\mathbf {1} )\,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}\,0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in allen Richtungen <b>H</b> gilt, dann ist wie gewünscht die Nebenbedingung notwendig erfüllt. Für die Variation des orthogonalen Tensors errechnet sich unter Ausnutzung der <a href="Formelsammlung_Tensoralgebra#Skalarprodukt_von_Tensoren" title="Formelsammlung Tensoralgebra">Eigenschaften des Skalarprodukts</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {D} \Pi (\mathbf {Q|H} ,\mathbf {L} )=&amp;(\mathbf {H} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})+(\mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {H} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})+\mathbf {L} :(\mathbf {H\cdot Q^{\top }+Q\cdot H^{\top }} )\\=&amp;\{[\underbrace {{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot ({\hat {e}}_{2}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{1})+{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot ({\hat {e}}_{1}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{2})} _{\mathbf {A} }+\underbrace {\mathbf {L+L^{\top }} } _{\mathbf {B} }]\cdot \mathbf {Q} \}:\mathbf {H} \,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}\,0\,.\end{aligned}}}">
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<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<munder>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">Q</mi>
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<mo>:</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {D} \Pi (\mathbf {Q|H} ,\mathbf {L} )=&amp;(\mathbf {H} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})+(\mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {H} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})+\mathbf {L} :(\mathbf {H\cdot Q^{\top }+Q\cdot H^{\top }} )\\=&amp;\{[\underbrace {{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot ({\hat {e}}_{2}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{1})+{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot ({\hat {e}}_{1}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{2})} _{\mathbf {A} }+\underbrace {\mathbf {L+L^{\top }} } _{\mathbf {B} }]\cdot \mathbf {Q} \}:\mathbf {H} \,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}\,0\,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdb7cad6f765a857d6bd3bf6e3f2db8c678fb47a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.005ex; width:92.269ex; height:11.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {D} \Pi (\mathbf {Q|H} ,\mathbf {L} )=&amp;(\mathbf {H} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {Q} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})+(\mathbf {Q} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot \mathbf {H} ):({\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{y})+\mathbf {L} :(\mathbf {H\cdot Q^{\top }+Q\cdot H^{\top }} )\\=&amp;\{[\underbrace {{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot ({\hat {e}}_{2}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{1})+{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot ({\hat {e}}_{1}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{2})} _{\mathbf {A} }+\underbrace {\mathbf {L+L^{\top }} } _{\mathbf {B} }]\cdot \mathbf {Q} \}:\mathbf {H} \,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}\,0\,.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Weil <b>H</b> beliebig ist und <b>Q</b> vollen Rang hat, verschwindet der Tensor in den eckigen Klammern, und weil der Tensor <b>B</b> <a href="Symmetrische_Matrix" title="Symmetrische Matrix">symmetrisch</a> ist, ist es der Tensor <b>A</b> ebenfalls. Im 123-System zeigt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {A} =&amp;{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{12}&amp;\tau _{13}\\\tau _{21}&amp;\sigma _{22}&amp;\tau _{23}\\\tau _{31}&amp;\tau _{32}&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;&amp;\\1&amp;0&amp;\\&amp;&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{21}&amp;\tau _{31}\\\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{22}&amp;\tau _{32}\\\tau _{13}&amp;\tau _{23}&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1&amp;\\&amp;0&amp;\\&amp;&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{11}&amp;0\\\sigma _{22}&amp;\tau _{12}&amp;0\\\tau _{32}&amp;\tau _{13}&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}">
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<msub>
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<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mn>22</mn>
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<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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<mn>32</mn>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
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<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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<msub>
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<msub>
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<mtd></mtd>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {A} =&amp;{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{12}&amp;\tau _{13}\\\tau _{21}&amp;\sigma _{22}&amp;\tau _{23}\\\tau _{31}&amp;\tau _{32}&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;&amp;\\1&amp;0&amp;\\&amp;&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{21}&amp;\tau _{31}\\\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{22}&amp;\tau _{32}\\\tau _{13}&amp;\tau _{23}&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1&amp;\\&amp;0&amp;\\&amp;&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{11}&amp;0\\\sigma _{22}&amp;\tau _{12}&amp;0\\\tau _{32}&amp;\tau _{13}&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05b1d77ab720bd26a4bab4f15f8584f3fd389d90.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:92.246ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {A} =&amp;{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{12}&amp;\tau _{13}\\\tau _{21}&amp;\sigma _{22}&amp;\tau _{23}\\\tau _{31}&amp;\tau _{32}&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;&amp;\\1&amp;0&amp;\\&amp;&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{21}&amp;\tau _{31}\\\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{22}&amp;\tau _{32}\\\tau _{13}&amp;\tau _{23}&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&amp;1&amp;\\&amp;0&amp;\\&amp;&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{11}&amp;0\\\sigma _{22}&amp;\tau _{12}&amp;0\\\tau _{32}&amp;\tau _{13}&amp;0\end{pmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Also ist <i>τ</i><sub>13</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<i>τ</i><sub>32</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, <i>σ</i><sub>11</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<i>σ</i><sub>22</sub> und bei einem symmetrischen Spannungstensor folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{12}&amp;0\\\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{11}&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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<mn>12</mn>
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<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{12}&amp;0\\\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{11}&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/638045665efe13b15e7470546a07e16da49204bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:23.767ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{12}&amp;0\\\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{11}&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;\sigma _{33}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Damit ist <i>ê</i><sub>3</sub> Eigenvektor des Spannungstensors zur Hauptspannung <i>σ</i><sub>III</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<i>σ</i><sub>33</sub>. Die anderen Eigenwerte/Hauptspannungen sind <i>σ</i><sub>I,II</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<i>σ</i><sub>11</sub>&nbsp;±&nbsp;<i>τ</i><sub>12</sub> zu den Eigenvektoren <i>ê</i><sub>1</sub>&nbsp;±&nbsp;<i>ê</i><sub>2</sub>, die im 45°-Winkel zu den Vektoren <i>ê</i><sub>1,2</sub> liegen, siehe <a href="Mohrscher_Spannungskreis" title="Mohrscher Spannungskreis">Mohrscher Spannungskreis</a>.
</p><p>Sei <i>ê</i><sub>z</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<i>ê</i><sub>3</sub>, sodass <b>Q</b> um die z-Richtung dreht. Dann berechnet sich mit dem Drehwinkel <i>φ</i>, den <a href="Winkelfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Winkelfunktion">Winkelfunktionen</a> sin und cos und ihren <a href="Formelsammlung_Trigonometrie#Doppelwinkelfunktionen" title="Formelsammlung Trigonometrie">Doppelwinkelfunktionen</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{12}\\\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{11}\end{pmatrix}}=&amp;{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\varphi )&amp;\sin(\varphi )\\-\sin(\varphi )&amp;\cos(\varphi )\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{xx}&amp;\tau _{xy}\\\tau _{xy}&amp;\sigma _{yy}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\varphi )&amp;-\sin(\varphi )\\\sin(\varphi )&amp;\cos(\varphi )\end{pmatrix}}\\\rightarrow \tau _{12}=&amp;{\frac {\sigma _{yy}-\sigma _{xx}}{2}}\sin(2\varphi )+\tau _{xy}\cos(2\varphi )\\\sigma _{11}=&amp;\sigma _{xx}\cos ^{2}(\varphi )+2\tau _{xy}\cos(\varphi )\sin(\varphi )+\sigma _{yy}\sin ^{2}(\varphi )\\=&amp;\sigma _{xx}\sin ^{2}(\varphi )-2\tau _{xy}\cos(\varphi )\sin(\varphi )+\sigma _{yy}\cos ^{2}(\varphi )\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{12}\\\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{11}\end{pmatrix}}=&amp;{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\varphi )&amp;\sin(\varphi )\\-\sin(\varphi )&amp;\cos(\varphi )\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{xx}&amp;\tau _{xy}\\\tau _{xy}&amp;\sigma _{yy}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\varphi )&amp;-\sin(\varphi )\\\sin(\varphi )&amp;\cos(\varphi )\end{pmatrix}}\\\rightarrow \tau _{12}=&amp;{\frac {\sigma _{yy}-\sigma _{xx}}{2}}\sin(2\varphi )+\tau _{xy}\cos(2\varphi )\\\sigma _{11}=&amp;\sigma _{xx}\cos ^{2}(\varphi )+2\tau _{xy}\cos(\varphi )\sin(\varphi )+\sigma _{yy}\sin ^{2}(\varphi )\\=&amp;\sigma _{xx}\sin ^{2}(\varphi )-2\tau _{xy}\cos(\varphi )\sin(\varphi )+\sigma _{yy}\cos ^{2}(\varphi )\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0245fccfad9f11b47dd4117178197d83e3541c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.838ex; width:71.868ex; height:18.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{11}&amp;\tau _{12}\\\tau _{12}&amp;\sigma _{11}\end{pmatrix}}=&amp;{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\varphi )&amp;\sin(\varphi )\\-\sin(\varphi )&amp;\cos(\varphi )\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{xx}&amp;\tau _{xy}\\\tau _{xy}&amp;\sigma _{yy}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos(\varphi )&amp;-\sin(\varphi )\\\sin(\varphi )&amp;\cos(\varphi )\end{pmatrix}}\\\rightarrow \tau _{12}=&amp;{\frac {\sigma _{yy}-\sigma _{xx}}{2}}\sin(2\varphi )+\tau _{xy}\cos(2\varphi )\\\sigma _{11}=&amp;\sigma _{xx}\cos ^{2}(\varphi )+2\tau _{xy}\cos(\varphi )\sin(\varphi )+\sigma _{yy}\sin ^{2}(\varphi )\\=&amp;\sigma _{xx}\sin ^{2}(\varphi )-2\tau _{xy}\cos(\varphi )\sin(\varphi )+\sigma _{yy}\cos ^{2}(\varphi )\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus der letzten Bedingung und den Doppelwinkelfunktionen resultiert der <a href="Tangens_und_Kotangens" title="Tangens und Kotangens">Tangens</a> des doppelten Drehwinkels
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan(2\varphi )={\frac {\sigma _{yy}-\sigma _{xx}}{2\tau _{xy}}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan(2\varphi )={\frac {\sigma _{yy}-\sigma _{xx}}{2\tau _{xy}}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfd3318374547a5cea2b2e1593081149a3519dba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.907ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan(2\varphi )={\frac {\sigma _{yy}-\sigma _{xx}}{2\tau _{xy}}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>woraus sich schließlich mit den <a href="Formelsammlung_Trigonometrie#Gegenseitige_Darstellung" title="Formelsammlung Trigonometrie">gegenseitigen Darstellungen</a> der Winkelfunktionen die maximale Schubspannung ermittelt zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{\max }=|\tau _{12}|={\sqrt {\left({\frac {\sigma _{xx}-\sigma _{yy}}{2}}\right)^{2}+\tau _{xy}^{2}}}={\frac {|\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{II}|}{2}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{\max }=|\tau _{12}|={\sqrt {\left({\frac {\sigma _{xx}-\sigma _{yy}}{2}}\right)^{2}+\tau _{xy}^{2}}}={\frac {|\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{II}|}{2}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e8c45376da4bbf00632a5d0e5c9921144e2a150.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:51.966ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{\max }=|\tau _{12}|={\sqrt {\left({\frac {\sigma _{xx}-\sigma _{yy}}{2}}\right)^{2}+\tau _{xy}^{2}}}={\frac {|\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{II}|}{2}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die letzte Form mit den Hauptspannungen <i>σ</i><sub>I,II</sub> ergibt sich aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{I,II}={\frac {\sigma _{xx}+\sigma _{yy}}{2}}\pm {\sqrt {\left({\frac {\sigma _{xx}-\sigma _{yy}}{2}}\right)^{2}+\tau _{xy}^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{I,II}={\frac {\sigma _{xx}+\sigma _{yy}}{2}}\pm {\sqrt {\left({\frac {\sigma _{xx}-\sigma _{yy}}{2}}\right)^{2}+\tau _{xy}^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b942e5157eef2ac368a232d67e0ddbc19bd445.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:43.707ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{I,II}={\frac {\sigma _{xx}+\sigma _{yy}}{2}}\pm {\sqrt {\left({\frac {\sigma _{xx}-\sigma _{yy}}{2}}\right)^{2}+\tau _{xy}^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>im ebenen Spannungszustand.
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invarianten">Invarianten</h3></div>
<p>Wenn der Spannungstensor bei einem <a href="Basiswechsel_(Vektorraum)" title="Basiswechsel (Vektorraum)">Wechsel des Basissystems</a> wie in
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}\sigma ^{ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}=\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}\sigma ^{\mathrm {*} ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}^{*}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}\sigma ^{ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}=\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}\sigma ^{\mathrm {*} ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}^{*}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53f1e009322c8589d32e50b4c32d7b070fad4b32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:37.273ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}\sigma ^{ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}=\sum _{i,j=1}^{3}\sigma ^{\mathrm {*} ij}{\hat {e}}_{i}^{*}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{j}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bezüglich eines anderen Basissystems <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce1fbc7bb2415e0f94442a41ee14ae773bf3c705.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:4.905ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1,2,3}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> ausgedrückt wird,
dann ändern sich seine Komponenten von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18cf4efdcc4d1cfd4c8d62914ece1a1bbc765605.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.808ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bda20ecbecde05b9646a2f7d21a6b1cc0228d01d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.63ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{*ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> in charakteristischer Weise, so wie sich auch die Komponenten eines geometrischen Vektors beim Wechsel des Basissystems ändern. Der Betrag des Vektors ändert sich dabei aber nicht und genauso gibt es beim Spannungstensor sogenannte <i>Invarianten</i>, die sich bei einem Basiswechsel nicht ändern. Solche invarianten oder objektiven Größen sind in der Materialtheorie von Interesse, denn jedwedes Material verhält sich bezugssysteminvariant. Invariant sind:
</p>
<ol><li>die Hauptinvarianten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}),\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}),\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\operatorname {det} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Sp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>det</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}),\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}),\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\operatorname {det} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f69655002d89ec446c238e749554f50aa9201665.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.814ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}),\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}),\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\operatorname {det} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>die Hauptspannungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{I},\sigma _{II},\sigma _{III}\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{I},\sigma _{II},\sigma _{III}\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1dcb978cf727a3a45778332b20ea8daadcbe813.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.752ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{I},\sigma _{II},\sigma _{III}\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>die <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spuren</a> der Potenzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}),\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{2}),\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{3}),\dots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}),\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{2}),\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{3}),\dots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2003626a56499c19acea3209244fe8163d97f5d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.826ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}),\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{2}),\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{3}),\dots }" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>der Betrag <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \parallel {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\parallel :={\sqrt {{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}}={\sqrt {\sigma _{xx}^{2}+\sigma _{yy}^{2}+\sigma _{zz}^{2}+2\sigma _{xy}^{2}+2\sigma _{yz}^{2}+2\sigma _{xz}^{2}}}={\sqrt {\sigma _{I}^{2}+\sigma _{II}^{2}+\sigma _{III}^{2}}}\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">∥<!-- ∥ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∥<!-- ∥ -->:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \parallel {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\parallel :={\sqrt {{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}}={\sqrt {\sigma _{xx}^{2}+\sigma _{yy}^{2}+\sigma _{zz}^{2}+2\sigma _{xy}^{2}+2\sigma _{yz}^{2}+2\sigma _{xz}^{2}}}={\sqrt {\sigma _{I}^{2}+\sigma _{II}^{2}+\sigma _{III}^{2}}}\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a56554c8b5b89f5a1e359ddc8c0cbe5df95fbf2e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:79.09ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \parallel {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\parallel :={\sqrt {{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}}={\sqrt {\sigma _{xx}^{2}+\sigma _{yy}^{2}+\sigma _{zz}^{2}+2\sigma _{xy}^{2}+2\sigma _{yz}^{2}+2\sigma _{xz}^{2}}}={\sqrt {\sigma _{I}^{2}+\sigma _{II}^{2}+\sigma _{III}^{2}}}\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>die Invarianten<br><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}J_{2}:=&amp;-\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} })={\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {I} _{1}^{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})-\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})={\frac {1}{6}}{[(\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{II})^{2}+(\sigma _{II}-\sigma _{III})^{2}+(\sigma _{III}-\sigma _{I})^{2}]},\\J_{3}:=&amp;\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} })=\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})-{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\cdot \operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})+{\frac {2}{27}}\operatorname {I} _{1}^{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=(\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{m})(\sigma _{II}-\sigma _{m})(\sigma _{III}-\sigma _{m}),\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>27</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}J_{2}:=&amp;-\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} })={\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {I} _{1}^{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})-\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})={\frac {1}{6}}{[(\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{II})^{2}+(\sigma _{II}-\sigma _{III})^{2}+(\sigma _{III}-\sigma _{I})^{2}]},\\J_{3}:=&amp;\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} })=\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})-{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\cdot \operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})+{\frac {2}{27}}\operatorname {I} _{1}^{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=(\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{m})(\sigma _{II}-\sigma _{m})(\sigma _{III}-\sigma _{m}),\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad08dfe080206ceaa607caf60291102fc1441b31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.547ex; margin-bottom: -0.291ex; width:86.916ex; height:10.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}J_{2}:=&amp;-\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} })={\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {I} _{1}^{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})-\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})={\frac {1}{6}}{[(\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{II})^{2}+(\sigma _{II}-\sigma _{III})^{2}+(\sigma _{III}-\sigma _{I})^{2}]},\\J_{3}:=&amp;\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} })=\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})-{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\cdot \operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})+{\frac {2}{27}}\operatorname {I} _{1}^{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=(\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{m})(\sigma _{II}-\sigma _{m})(\sigma _{III}-\sigma _{m}),\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span><br>des Spannungsdeviators und</li>
<li>die Haigh–Westergaard-Koordinaten<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi :={\frac {\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}{\sqrt {3}}},\rho ={\sqrt {{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} }:{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} }}},\cos(3\vartheta )={\sqrt {\frac {27}{4}}}{\frac {J_{3}}{\sqrt {J_{2}^{3}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mn>27</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi :={\frac {\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}{\sqrt {3}}},\rho ={\sqrt {{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} }:{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} }}},\cos(3\vartheta )={\sqrt {\frac {27}{4}}}{\frac {J_{3}}{\sqrt {J_{2}^{3}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39c88a71650d8964b14e122b5b55008e5eb38500.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:49.483ex; height:8.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi :={\frac {\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}{\sqrt {3}}},\rho ={\sqrt {{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} }:{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} }}},\cos(3\vartheta )={\sqrt {\frac {27}{4}}}{\frac {J_{3}}{\sqrt {J_{2}^{3}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ol>
<p>siehe Abschnitt <a href="#Eigensystem">Eigensystem</a>. Darin sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} }:={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\mathbf {1} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>Sp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} }:={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\mathbf {1} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca60df18b8ab043f4e83f72b1bb81f7d74e8eca7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:20.633ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\mathrm {D} }:={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-{\tfrac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\mathbf {1} }" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Spannungsdeviator" title="Spannungsdeviator">Spannungsdeviator</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{m}:={\tfrac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>Sp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{m}:={\tfrac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/adc9f06fbe91a9226461c41c7470176b16755a17.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:14.782ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{m}:={\tfrac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}" loading="lazy"></span> die mittlere Normalspannung und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vartheta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϑ<!-- ϑ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vartheta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d00eaf197c35bbfa391b9477490a4af955416837.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.374ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vartheta }" loading="lazy"></span> der <i>Lodewinkel</i>. Der Doppelpunkt „:“ bildet das <a href="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt" title="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt">Frobenius-Skalarprodukt</a> zweier Tensoren <b>A</b> und <b>B</b> mittels der <a href="Spur_(Mathematik)" title="Spur (Mathematik)">Spur</a> <b>A</b>&nbsp;: <b>B</b>&nbsp;:= Sp(<b>A</b><sup>T</sup> · <b>B</b>). Von diesen Invarianten sind aber nur drei voneinander unabhängig und aus denen können dann alle anderen abgeleitet werden. Insbesondere gilt nach dem <a href="Satz_von_Vieta" title="Satz von Vieta">Satz von Vieta</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{I}+\sigma _{II}+\sigma _{III}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{I}\sigma _{II}+\sigma _{II}\sigma _{III}+\sigma _{III}\sigma _{I}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{I}\sigma _{II}\sigma _{III}\,.\end{array}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="left" rowspacing="0.83em 0.83em 0.4em" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{I}+\sigma _{II}+\sigma _{III}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{I}\sigma _{II}+\sigma _{II}\sigma _{III}+\sigma _{III}\sigma _{I}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{I}\sigma _{II}\sigma _{III}\,.\end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8ad99ce4eb55272ec5583b340fcbe6be0446259.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.338ex; width:34.129ex; height:11.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}\operatorname {I} _{1}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{I}+\sigma _{II}+\sigma _{III}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{2}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{I}\sigma _{II}+\sigma _{II}\sigma _{III}+\sigma _{III}\sigma _{I}\\[1ex]\operatorname {I} _{3}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sigma _{I}\sigma _{II}\sigma _{III}\,.\end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Vergleichsspannung#Gestaltänderungshypothese_(von_Mises)" title="Vergleichsspannung">von Mises Vergleichsspannung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{v}=&amp;{\sqrt {\sigma _{xx}^{2}+\sigma _{yy}^{2}+\sigma _{zz}^{2}-\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yy}-\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{zz}-\sigma _{yy}\sigma _{zz}+3(\sigma _{xy}^{2}+\sigma _{xz}^{2}+\sigma _{yz}^{2})}}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {(\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{II})^{2}+(\sigma _{II}-\sigma _{III})^{2}+(\sigma _{III}-\sigma _{I})^{2}}}={\sqrt {3\cdot J_{2}}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
</msqrt>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{v}=&amp;{\sqrt {\sigma _{xx}^{2}+\sigma _{yy}^{2}+\sigma _{zz}^{2}-\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yy}-\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{zz}-\sigma _{yy}\sigma _{zz}+3(\sigma _{xy}^{2}+\sigma _{xz}^{2}+\sigma _{yz}^{2})}}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {(\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{II})^{2}+(\sigma _{II}-\sigma _{III})^{2}+(\sigma _{III}-\sigma _{I})^{2}}}={\sqrt {3\cdot J_{2}}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12f90acebf91187ff9428b14b9f39713a48b43b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.005ex; width:72.509ex; height:11.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{v}=&amp;{\sqrt {\sigma _{xx}^{2}+\sigma _{yy}^{2}+\sigma _{zz}^{2}-\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{yy}-\sigma _{xx}\sigma _{zz}-\sigma _{yy}\sigma _{zz}+3(\sigma _{xy}^{2}+\sigma _{xz}^{2}+\sigma _{yz}^{2})}}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {(\sigma _{I}-\sigma _{II})^{2}+(\sigma _{II}-\sigma _{III})^{2}+(\sigma _{III}-\sigma _{I})^{2}}}={\sqrt {3\cdot J_{2}}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist eine Funktion der zweiten Hauptinvariante des Spannungsdeviators, weswegen sie auf hydrostatische Spannungen (gleich große Normalspannungen in allen drei Raumrichtungen) nicht reagiert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zusammenhang_mit_anderen_Größen"><span id="Zusammenhang_mit_anderen_Gr.C3.B6.C3.9Fen"></span>Zusammenhang mit anderen Größen</h2></div>
<p>Der Cauchy’sche Spannungstensor beinhaltet die „wahren“ oder „aktuellen“ Spannungen im deformierten Körper (in der Momentankonfiguration). Diese Spannungen stehen mit dem Druck im Körper, der auf ihn wirkenden Kraft und seinen Verformungen im Zusammenhang.
</p><p>Der Maxwell’sche Spannungstensor aus der Elektrodynamik ist eine <a href="Untermatrix" title="Untermatrix">Untermatrix</a> des <a href="Energie-Impuls-Tensor" title="Energie-Impuls-Tensor">Energie-Impuls-Tensors</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druck">Druck</h3></div>
<p>Der <a href="Druck_(Physik)" title="Druck (Physik)">Druck</a> in einem Material ist der negative Mittelwert der Normalspannungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p:=-{\frac {1}{3}}(\sigma _{x}+\sigma _{y}+\sigma _{z})=-{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
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<mi>Sp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p:=-{\frac {1}{3}}(\sigma _{x}+\sigma _{y}+\sigma _{z})=-{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2327849b2973bcdeaae8db2c646470f3e0a7cc14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:36.788ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p:=-{\frac {1}{3}}(\sigma _{x}+\sigma _{y}+\sigma _{z})=-{\frac {1}{3}}\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und weil die Spur eine Invariante ist, ist der Druck bezugssysteminvariant. Für die mittlere Normalspannung sind noch die Formelzeichen <i>σ</i><sub>m</sub> und <i>σ</i><sup>H</sup> gebräuchlich. Der <a href="Kugeltensor" title="Kugeltensor">Kugelanteil</a> des Spannungstensors wird Drucktensor genannt:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{P}:=-p\mathbf {1} \quad \rightarrow \quad \operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{P})=\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>P</mi>
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<mo>:=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
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<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{P}:=-p\mathbf {1} \quad \rightarrow \quad \operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{P})=\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3be467cf92005508b6ac31ee96e56ca5c6845567.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.922ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{P}:=-p\mathbf {1} \quad \rightarrow \quad \operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{P})=\operatorname {Sp} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für die Divergenz des Drucktensors gilt nach der <a href="Produktregel" title="Produktregel">Produktregel</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{P})=-\operatorname {grad} (p)\cdot \mathbf {1} -p\operatorname {div} (\mathbf {1} )=-\operatorname {grad} p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>div</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>P</mi>
</mrow>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
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<mi>p</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{P})=-\operatorname {grad} (p)\cdot \mathbf {1} -p\operatorname {div} (\mathbf {1} )=-\operatorname {grad} p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a9be58982bd11cbaae56f1cbdac93f665e34e46.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.943ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{P})=-\operatorname {grad} (p)\cdot \mathbf {1} -p\operatorname {div} (\mathbf {1} )=-\operatorname {grad} p}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin bildet grad den <a href="Gradient_(Mathematik)" title="Gradient (Mathematik)">Gradienten</a>.
</p><p>Insbesondere bei Flüssigkeiten und Gasen ist der Druck und der Drucktensor bedeutsam.
</p><p>Bei Flüssigkeiten liegt oftmals (in guter Näherung) <a href="Inkompressibilit%C3%A4t" title="Inkompressibilität">Inkompressibilität</a> vor. Hier ist der Druck eine „<a href="Zwangskraft" title="Zwangskraft">Zwangsspannung</a>“, die als Reaktion der Flüssigkeit auf Kompressionsversuche die Inkompressibilität aufrechterhält. Mathematisch ist der Druck hier ein <a href="Lagrangescher_Multiplikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangescher Multiplikator">Lagrange’scher Multiplikator</a> für die Nebenbedingung „Inkompressibilität.“ Inkompressibilität kommt auch in Festkörpern vor, wo der Druck dann dieselbe Rolle spielt wie in inkompressiblen Fluiden. Bei Festkörpern kann auch negativer Druck auftreten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kraft">Kraft</h3></div>
<p>In der Realität und der Kontinuumsmechanik werden Kräfte, die auf einen <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Physik)" title="Körper (Physik)">Körper</a> wirken, immer flächig eingeleitet, d.&nbsp;h. auf einen Teil <i>a</i><sub>σ</sub> der Oberfläche <i>a</i> mit <a href="Normalenvektor" title="Normalenvektor">Normalenvektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d125dccc556f5c8b0bf98a4f3847590b3f353bd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> wirken Spannungsvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5767466dfb5bee3ecabaca5752d93cb6fe517a31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.238ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf den Körper:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=\int _{a_{\sigma }}{\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}\,\mathrm {d} a=\int _{a_{\sigma }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}\,\mathrm {d} a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msub>
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</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
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</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=\int _{a_{\sigma }}{\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}\,\mathrm {d} a=\int _{a_{\sigma }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}\,\mathrm {d} a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efb78474060cbd318d8d92a93d5d2a0cf7ce95a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:31.622ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=\int _{a_{\sigma }}{\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}\,\mathrm {d} a=\int _{a_{\sigma }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}\,\mathrm {d} a}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit der Vereinbarung, dass auf dem Rest der Oberfläche <a href="Nullvektor" title="Nullvektor">Nullspannungsvektoren</a> wirken (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}={\vec {0}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c028141e369f52ae01896005322817646a4a147f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.44ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf <i>a \ a</i><sub>σ</sub>), und wenn die Oberfläche hinreichend glatt ist, kann diese Beziehung mit dem <a href="Divergenzsatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Divergenzsatz">Divergenzsatz</a> umgeformt werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=\int _{a}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}\,\mathrm {d} a=\int _{v}\operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\,\mathrm {d} v}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=\int _{a}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}\,\mathrm {d} a=\int _{v}\operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\,\mathrm {d} v}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bc04b3d5b5707a680ff07fa5b719f841fc1ad98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:31.925ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=\int _{a}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}\,\mathrm {d} a=\int _{v}\operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})\,\mathrm {d} v}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist <i>v</i> das Volumen des Körpers und div der <a href="Divergenz_eines_Vektorfeldes" title="Divergenz eines Vektorfeldes">Divergenzoperator</a>.
</p>
<pre>Eine von außen einwirkende Kraft induziert im Körper ein Spannungstensorfeld, das den ganzen Körper ausfüllt.
</pre>
<p>Diese Tatsache hat mit den Eigenschaften des Körpers zunächst nichts zu tun: Das Tensorfeld existiert in <a href="Starrk%C3%B6rper" class="mw-redirect" title="Starrkörper">Starrkörpern</a>, Festkörpern, Flüssigkeiten und Gasen, sofern sie als <a href="Kontinuum_(Physik)" title="Kontinuum (Physik)">Kontinuum</a> modelliert sind. Nach obiger Gleichung kann die Divergenz des Spannungstensors als „spezifische Kraft“ (Kraft pro Volumen) angesehen werden, um zu unterstreichen, dass der Spannungstensor am materiellen Punkt ein eingeprägter Einfluss ist.
</p><p>Die Kraft wird den Körper deformieren und/oder in Bewegung versetzen, was auf die Spannungen aber auch auf die Kraft selbst zurückwirkt, siehe auch den Abschnitt <a href="#Berechnung_der_Spannungen">#Berechnung der Spannungen</a> unten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verzerrungstensor">Verzerrungstensor</h3></div>
<p>Ein mit Kräften <a href="Belastung_(Physik)" title="Belastung (Physik)">belasteter</a> und mit Spannungen <a href="Beanspruchung_(Technische_Mechanik)" title="Beanspruchung (Technische Mechanik)">beanspruchter</a> Körper wird in Bewegung versetzt und/oder verformt, siehe <a href="#Berechnung_der_Spannungen">#Berechnung der Spannungen</a> unten. Beides hängt von den Materialeigenschaften ab, ersteres vorrangig von der <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a>. Bezüglich der Materialeigenschaften sind zwei Materialgruppen voneinander zu unterscheiden: Die <a href="Fl%C3%BCssigkeit" title="Flüssigkeit">Flüssigkeiten</a> und <a href="Gas" title="Gas">Gase</a>, die zusammen als <a href="Fluid" title="Fluid">Fluide</a> bezeichnet werden, und die <a href="Festk%C3%B6rper" title="Festkörper">Festkörper</a>.
</p><p>Fluide zeichnen sich unter anderem dadurch aus, dass sie isotrop sind und im <a href="Mechanisches_Gleichgewicht" title="Mechanisches Gleichgewicht">mechanischen Gleichgewicht</a> keine Schubspannungen übertragen können. Im Gleichgewicht ist der Spannungstensor also ein Drucktensor, siehe oben. Festkörper vermögen im Gleichgewicht sowohl Schubspannungen als auch unixialem und biaxialem <a href="Zugkraft" title="Zugkraft">Zug/Druck</a> standzuhalten. Bei Festkörpern kann der Spannungstensor demnach im Gleichgewicht voll besetzt sein.
</p><p>In der Modellvorstellung der Kontinuumsmechanik erzeugen Materialien bei Verformung eine Reaktionsspannung, die der Deformation entgegenwirkt. Die von außen eingeleitete Spannung infolge einer Belastung wird vom Material <a href="Kraft%C3%BCbertragung" title="Kraftübertragung">übertragen</a> und muss jederzeit und überall im Gleichgewicht mit der vom Material entgegengebrachten Reaktionsspannung sein. Die <a href="Materialtheorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialtheorie">Materialtheorie</a> beschäftigt sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen dem Spannungstensor und der Verformung, die mit dem Green-Lagrange’schen <a href="Verzerrungstensor" title="Verzerrungstensor">Verzerrungstensor</a> <b>E</b> bemessen wird. Das allgemeinste Materialmodell eines <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Einfache_Materialien" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">einfachen Materials</a>, das <a href="Per_definitionem" class="mw-redirect" title="Per definitionem">per definitionem</a> deterministisch, lokal und objektiv ist, lautet:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}({\mathcal {P}},t)={\mathfrak {S}}_{\tau \leq t}(\mathbf {E} ({\mathcal {P}},\tau ),{\mathcal {P}}).}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed2ffb970bf5aef6dd64b52dba1666e0f7c83f4b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.925ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}({\mathcal {P}},t)={\mathfrak {S}}_{\tau \leq t}(\mathbf {E} ({\mathcal {P}},\tau ),{\mathcal {P}}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91d521f12ee3c00ee2fc7ab16af9ea17d915a750.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.927ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein tensorwertiges <a href="Funktional" title="Funktional">Funktional</a>, <i>t</i> die Zeit, <i>τ</i> ein Zeitparameter und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein materieller Punkt. Die explizite Abhängigkeit des Funktionals vom materiellen Punkt liegt an möglicherweise örtlich wie zeitlich variierenden Materialeigenschaften. Der Index <i>τ</i> ≤ <i>t</i> symbolisiert, dass die gesamte vergangene Geschichte des materiellen Punkts und die in ihm stattgefundenen Verzerrungen in den Wert des Funktionals eingehen kann, so wie es beispielsweise bei der <a href="Warmumformung" title="Warmumformung">Warmumformung</a> eines <a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metalls</a> der Fall ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physikalischer_Kontext">Physikalischer Kontext</h2></div>
<p>Dieser Abschnitt handelt vom Einsatz des Spannungstensors in physikalischen Gesetzen und der Technik.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impulsbilanz">Impulsbilanz</h3></div>
<p>Eine Kraft, die auf einen realen Körper wirkt und wie oben gezeigt mit dem Spannungstensor ausgedrückt werden kann, wird den Körper nach dem Gesetz „<a href="Newtonsche_Axiome#Zweites_newtonsches_Gesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonsche Axiome">Kraft gleich Masse mal Beschleunigung</a>“ in Bewegung versetzen. Dieses Gesetz wird auch Impulsbilanz genannt.
</p><p>Wenn aus einem Körper ein (infinitesimal) kleiner Teilkörper freigeschnitten wird und dessen <i>Oberfläche</i> gegen null gehen gelassen wird, folgt aus der Impulsbilanz, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Normalenvektor an eine Schnittfläche und dem Schnittspannungsvektor linear sein muss, da der Spannungszustand homogen ist, wenn die betrachtete Fläche gegen Null geht, da Spannungszustände üblicherweise <a href="Stetig" class="mw-redirect" title="Stetig">stetig</a> sind. Das ist die Aussage des <a href="Cauchysches_Fundamentaltheorem" title="Cauchysches Fundamentaltheorem">Cauchy’schen Fundamentaltheorems</a>, mit dem Augustin-Louis Cauchy den Spannungstensor als <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">linearen Operator</a> zwischen den Normalenvektoren und den Schnittspannungsvektoren einführte.
</p><p>Das Volumen eines (infinitesimal) kleinen Körpers geht schneller gegen null als seine Oberfläche, weswegen Masseneffekte bei obiger Betrachtung vernachlässigt werden konnten. Geht nun das <i>Volumen</i> des Teilkörpers gegen null, dann folgt das <a href="Cauchy-Eulersche_Bewegungsgesetze#Erstes_Cauchy-Eulersches_Bewegungsgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauchy-Eulersche Bewegungsgesetze">erste Cauchy-Euler’sche Bewegungsgesetz</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cauchysches_Fundamentaltheorem">Cauchysches Fundamentaltheorem</h4></div>
<p>Wird ein (infinitesimal) kleiner Tetraeder mit Kantenlänge <i>L</i> aus einem belasteten Körper herausgeschnitten, dann übt die in Gedanken weggeschnittene Materie auf jeder Schnittfläche Spannungen aus, die über ihre Angriffsfläche nach dem Gesetz „<a href="Newtonsche_Axiome#Zweites_newtonsches_Gesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonsche Axiome">Kraft gleich Masse mal Beschleunigung</a>“ den Tetraeder beschleunigen. Weil die Masse eines kleiner werdenden Tetraeders mit <i>L³</i> gegen null geht, seine Oberfläche aber nur mit <i>L²</i>, können bei <i>L</i> → 0 Masseneffekte vernachlässigt werden und müssen die flächenverteilten Kräfte im <a href="Kr%C3%A4ftegleichgewicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Kräftegleichgewicht">Gleichgewicht</a> sein. Das ist genau dann der Fall, wenn der Zusammenhang zwischen den Normalenvektoren und den Schnittspannungsvektoren linear ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\vec {a}}+b{\vec {c}})}={\vec {T}}^{({\vec {a}})}+b{\vec {T}}^{({\vec {c}})}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}={\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad T_{j}^{({\hat {n}})}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sigma _{ij}n_{i}.}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\vec {a}}+b{\vec {c}})}={\vec {T}}^{({\vec {a}})}+b{\vec {T}}^{({\vec {c}})}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}={\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad T_{j}^{({\hat {n}})}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sigma _{ij}n_{i}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/567777289fccbd0758ad37ce2eadb555861bffd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:76.724ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\vec {a}}+b{\vec {c}})}={\vec {T}}^{({\vec {a}})}+b{\vec {T}}^{({\vec {c}})}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad {\vec {T}}^{({\hat {n}})}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\cdot {\hat {n}}={\hat {n}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad T_{j}^{({\hat {n}})}=\sum _{i=1}^{3}\sigma _{ij}n_{i}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\vec {v}})}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\vec {v}})}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14876bb93b94b9e92f6b77402909317e3f6e0264.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.101ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {T}}^{({\vec {v}})}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Schnittspannungsvektor an einer Fläche mit Normalenvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85820588abd7333ef4d0c56539cb31c20e730753.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.175ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Faktor, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {a}},{\vec {c}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {a}},{\vec {c}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a34e5f985ed65c30b0dcdc5b61d52cae18dbe09b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.487ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {a}},{\vec {c}}}" loading="lazy"></span> Normalenvektoren und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d125dccc556f5c8b0bf98a4f3847590b3f353bd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Normaleneinheitsvektor,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e45fe1b9d8dcbc3103fc7805d69798bfe5ca5b16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.594ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Spannungstensor, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4e0588a7eb865cf32f63ad15d6d21cb4e458263.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span> seine <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">Transponierte</a>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43acbf52cc4d4f83f187ceaa49f045114b71772e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.804ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die Komponenten des Spannungstensors, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27cdb9041c8aa769beb9153a48f41002297faacc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.267ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> die des Spannungsvektors und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57f87f905ba5a4d8c691ccaecd65fc47bd007ba4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.194ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die des Normaleneinheitsvektors bezüglich eines <a href="Kartesische_Koordinaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartesische Koordinaten">kartesischen Koordinatensystems</a> und</li>
<li>„·“ ist das <a href="Skalarprodukt" title="Skalarprodukt">Skalarprodukt</a> von Vektoren.</li></ul>
<p>Das ist die Aussage des Cauchy’schen Fundamentaltheorems. Die Benutzung eines <a href="Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensors</a> stellt sicher, dass obige Zusammenhänge koordinatenunabhängig sind.
</p><p>In der räumlichen Darstellung betrifft besagtes den Cauchy'schen Spannungstensor und in der materiellen Darstellung den Nennspannungstensor.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erstes_Cauchy-Euler’sches_Bewegungsgesetz"><span id="Erstes_Cauchy-Euler.E2.80.99sches_Bewegungsgesetz"></span>Erstes Cauchy-Euler’sches Bewegungsgesetz</h4></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Cauchy-eulersche_Bewegungsgesetze#Erstes_Cauchy-Euler’sches_Bewegungsgesetz" title="Cauchy-eulersche Bewegungsgesetze">Erstes Cauchy-Euler’sches Bewegungsgesetz</a></i></div>

<p>Betrachtet wird ein freigeschnittener <a href="Quader" title="Quader">Quader</a> in einem Körper, der einer <a href="Schwerebeschleunigung" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwerebeschleunigung">Schwerebeschleunigung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ccd4b98d198d6538010ae815ee1199baabd3493.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}" loading="lazy"></span> unterliegt, siehe Bild. Die Schnittspannungen an Schnittebenen mit Normalen in positiver Koordinatenrichtung sind am positiven Schnittufer und die Schnittspannungen an Schnittebenen mit Normalen in negativer Koordinatenrichtung sind am negativen Schnittufer und wirken in entgegengesetzter Richtung zu ersteren. Zwischen positivem und negativem Schnittufer liegt eine (infinitesimal) kleine Distanz über die sich die Schnittspannungen ändern können. Bei einem (infinitesimal) kleinen Quader können die Schnittspannungen als über die Flächen des Quaders, die Dichte, die Beschleunigung und die Schwerebeschleunigung als über das Volumen konstant angenommen werden. Bilanzierung der Kräfte am Quader mit Kantenlängen d<i>x</i><sub>1</sub>, d<i>x</i><sub>2</sub> und d<i>x</i><sub>3</sub> in 1-, 2- bzw. 3-Richtung liefert nach dem Gesetz „<a href="Newtonsche_Axiome#Zweites_newtonsches_Gesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonsche Axiome">Kraft gleich Masse mal Beschleunigung</a>“ in i-Richtung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho {\ddot {x}}_{i}\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{2}\mathrm {d} x_{3}=&amp;[\sigma _{1i}(x_{1}+\mathrm {d} x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})-\sigma _{1i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})]\,\mathrm {d} x_{2}\mathrm {d} x_{3}\\&amp;+[\sigma _{2i}(x_{1},x_{2}+\mathrm {d} x_{2},x_{3})-\sigma _{2i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})]\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{3}\\&amp;+[\sigma _{3i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}+\mathrm {d} x_{3})-\sigma _{3i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})]\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{2}\\&amp;+\rho k_{i}\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{2}\mathrm {d} x_{3}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho {\ddot {x}}_{i}\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{2}\mathrm {d} x_{3}=&amp;[\sigma _{1i}(x_{1}+\mathrm {d} x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})-\sigma _{1i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})]\,\mathrm {d} x_{2}\mathrm {d} x_{3}\\&amp;+[\sigma _{2i}(x_{1},x_{2}+\mathrm {d} x_{2},x_{3})-\sigma _{2i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})]\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{3}\\&amp;+[\sigma _{3i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}+\mathrm {d} x_{3})-\sigma _{3i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})]\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{2}\\&amp;+\rho k_{i}\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{2}\mathrm {d} x_{3}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/16a767b119a70249aab92fc6e8120d90e3a55d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.505ex; width:67.14ex; height:12.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho {\ddot {x}}_{i}\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{2}\mathrm {d} x_{3}=&amp;[\sigma _{1i}(x_{1}+\mathrm {d} x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})-\sigma _{1i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})]\,\mathrm {d} x_{2}\mathrm {d} x_{3}\\&amp;+[\sigma _{2i}(x_{1},x_{2}+\mathrm {d} x_{2},x_{3})-\sigma _{2i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})]\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{3}\\&amp;+[\sigma _{3i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}+\mathrm {d} x_{3})-\sigma _{3i}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})]\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{2}\\&amp;+\rho k_{i}\,\mathrm {d} x_{1}\mathrm {d} x_{2}\mathrm {d} x_{3}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für <i>i</i>=1,2,3. Darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/648e27612ebc046b22bd07c080b62cdd98b32f67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Beschleunigung und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f29138ed3ad54ffce527daccadc49c520459b0b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.011ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Schwerebeschleunigung in i-Richtung und ρ ist die Dichte des Quaders. Division durch das Volumen d<i>x</i><sub>1</sub> d<i>x</i><sub>2</sub> d<i>x</i><sub>3</sub> führt im Grenzgang d<i>x</i><sub>1,2,3</sub> → 0 auf
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho {\ddot {x}}_{i}=&amp;{\frac {\partial \sigma _{1i}}{\partial x_{1}}}+{\frac {\partial \sigma _{2i}}{\partial x_{2}}}+{\frac {\partial \sigma _{3i}}{\partial x_{3}}}+\rho k_{i}.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho {\ddot {x}}_{i}=&amp;{\frac {\partial \sigma _{1i}}{\partial x_{1}}}+{\frac {\partial \sigma _{2i}}{\partial x_{2}}}+{\frac {\partial \sigma _{3i}}{\partial x_{3}}}+\rho k_{i}.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/236fd2a3ed2ac0213edae105ad245a4fd0b28cd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:34.227ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho {\ddot {x}}_{i}=&amp;{\frac {\partial \sigma _{1i}}{\partial x_{1}}}+{\frac {\partial \sigma _{2i}}{\partial x_{2}}}+{\frac {\partial \sigma _{3i}}{\partial x_{3}}}+\rho k_{i}.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies ist die i-te Komponente der Vektorgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho {\ddot {\vec {x}}}=\operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})+\rho {\vec {k}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho {\ddot {\vec {x}}}=\operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})+\rho {\vec {k}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22790ba513c1653f8d01c1060c71ee04b2e823a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.101ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho {\ddot {\vec {x}}}=\operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})+\rho {\vec {k}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in einem kartesischen Koordinatensystem wie im Bild. Diese Vektorgleichung ist das <i>erste Cauchy-Euler’sche Bewegungsgesetz</i>, das die lokale Form der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Impulsbilanz" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Impulsbilanz</a> ist, die, wenn sie in jedem Punkt eines <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Physik)" title="Körper (Physik)">Körpers</a> erfüllt ist, sicherstellt, dass die Bewegung des Körpers als Ganzes – inklusive Verformungen – der Impulsbilanz gehorcht.
</p><p>Die Herleitung hier basiert auf kleinen Verschiebungen. Die Effekte großer Verschiebungen sind im Hauptartikel nachzuschlagen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drehimpulsbilanz_oder_zweites_Cauchy-Euler’sches_Bewegungsgesetz"><span id="Drehimpulsbilanz_oder_zweites_Cauchy-Euler.E2.80.99sches_Bewegungsgesetz"></span>Drehimpulsbilanz oder zweites Cauchy-Euler’sches Bewegungsgesetz</h3></div>
<p>Das <a href="Cauchy-Eulersche_Bewegungsgesetze#Zweites_Cauchy-Eulersches_Bewegungsgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauchy-Eulersche Bewegungsgesetze">zweite Cauchy-Euler’sche Bewegungsgesetz</a> ist die Anwendung des <a href="Drallsatz" title="Drallsatz">Drallsatzes</a> auf ein <a href="Kontinuum_(Physik)" title="Kontinuum (Physik)">Kontinuum</a>. Von außen angreifende <a href="Drehmoment" title="Drehmoment">Drehmomente</a> ändern den Drehimpuls des Körpers. Der Anteil, der die Bahndrehimpulse seiner Partikel betrifft, entfällt auf Grund der Impulsbilanz. Übrig bleibt ein wirkungsloser Momentenbeitrag, der von Schubspannungen zwischen den Partikeln verrichtet wird, und damit dieser Beitrag verschwindet, muss der Cauchy'sche Spannungstensor in der räumlichen und der zweite Piola-Kirchhoff’sche Spannungstensor in der materiellen Betrachtungsweise symmetrisch sein:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\quad {\text{bzw.}}\quad \mathbf {F\cdot N} =(\mathbf {F\cdot N} )^{\top }=\mathbf {N^{\top }\cdot F^{\top }} \quad {\text{oder}}\quad {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}={\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}^{\top }.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>bzw.</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>oder</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\quad {\text{bzw.}}\quad \mathbf {F\cdot N} =(\mathbf {F\cdot N} )^{\top }=\mathbf {N^{\top }\cdot F^{\top }} \quad {\text{oder}}\quad {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}={\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}^{\top }.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/813c9c27ed91464662bf94c2ddaff173d9559a40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:64.01ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{\top }\quad {\text{bzw.}}\quad \mathbf {F\cdot N} =(\mathbf {F\cdot N} )^{\top }=\mathbf {N^{\top }\cdot F^{\top }} \quad {\text{oder}}\quad {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}={\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}^{\top }.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das ist das <i>zweite Cauchy-Euler’sche Bewegungsgesetz</i> in räumlicher und materieller Formulierung, das die lokale Form der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Drehimpulsbilanz" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Drehimpulsbilanz</a> ist, die, wenn sie zusammen mit dem ersten Cauchy-Euler’schen Bewegungsgesetz in jedem Punkt eines <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Physik)" title="Körper (Physik)">Körpers</a> erfüllt ist, sicherstellt, dass die Bewegung des Körpers als Ganzes – inklusive Verformungen – der Drehimpulsbilanz gehorcht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energiebilanz">Energiebilanz</h3></div>
<p>Die Spannungstensoren, die in der Materialtheorie benutzt werden, kommen in den physikalischen Gesetzen in Kombination mit Verzerrungsmaßen vor, wie beispielsweise im <a href="Cauchy-Eulersche_Bewegungsgesetze#Prinzip_von_d’Alembert" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauchy-Eulersche Bewegungsgesetze">Prinzip von d’Alembert</a> oder in der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Energiebilanz" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Energiebilanz</a>. Letztere soll beispielgebend behandelt werden.
</p><p>Damit die zur Energiebilanz beitragende spezifische Spannungsleistung bezugssysteminvariant ist, werden in der räumlichen Formulierung die <a href="Euklidische_Transformation#Geschwindigkeiten_und_Beschleunigung" title="Euklidische Transformation">objektiven Zeitableitungen</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\stackrel {\Delta }{\boldsymbol {\phi }}}:=&amp;{\dot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}}+{\boldsymbol {\phi }}\cdot \mathbf {l+l} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}\\{\stackrel {\nabla }{\boldsymbol {\phi }}}:=&amp;{\dot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}}-\mathbf {l} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}-{\boldsymbol {\phi }}\cdot \mathbf {l} ^{\top }\end{aligned}}}">
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">l</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\stackrel {\Delta }{\boldsymbol {\phi }}}:=&amp;{\dot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}}+{\boldsymbol {\phi }}\cdot \mathbf {l+l} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}\\{\stackrel {\nabla }{\boldsymbol {\phi }}}:=&amp;{\dot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}}-\mathbf {l} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}-{\boldsymbol {\phi }}\cdot \mathbf {l} ^{\top }\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/839069613e56ff0808bab0bf8c87deb908a5f1a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.701ex; margin-bottom: -0.304ex; width:22.774ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\stackrel {\Delta }{\boldsymbol {\phi }}}:=&amp;{\dot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}}+{\boldsymbol {\phi }}\cdot \mathbf {l+l} ^{\top }\cdot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}\\{\stackrel {\nabla }{\boldsymbol {\phi }}}:=&amp;{\dot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}}-\mathbf {l} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\phi }}-{\boldsymbol {\phi }}\cdot \mathbf {l} ^{\top }\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>benötigt, die mit dem <a href="Geschwindigkeitsgradient" title="Geschwindigkeitsgradient">Geschwindigkeitsgradient</a> <b>l</b> = <b>Ḟ</b> · <b>F</b><sup>−1</sup> gebildet werden. Der <a href="%C3%9Cberpunkt#Als_wissenschaftliches_Symbol" title="Überpunkt">Überpunkt</a> bezeichnet genauso wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/353856c43bcfbb1edffa57299c70a9c0f680d801.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:2.685ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}}" loading="lazy"></span> unten die <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Lokale_und_materielle_Zeitableitung" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">materielle Zeitableitung</a>. Mit den Verzerrungstensoren<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{Green-Lagrange}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {E} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot F-1} )=\mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot e\cdot F} \\{\text{Euler-Almansi}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {e} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {1-F^{\rm {\top -1}}\cdot F^{\rm {-1}}} )=\mathbf {F^{\rm {\top -1}}\cdot E\cdot F} ^{-1}\\{\text{Lagrange-Karni-Reiner}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {A} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {1-F^{\rm {-1}}\cdot F^{\rm {\top -1}}} )=\mathbf {F^{\rm {-1}}\cdot a\cdot F} ^{\top -1}\\{\text{Euler-Karni-Reiner}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {a} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {F\cdot F^{\top }-1} )=\mathbf {F\cdot A\cdot F} ^{\top }\end{aligned}}}">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{Green-Lagrange}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {E} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot F-1} )=\mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot e\cdot F} \\{\text{Euler-Almansi}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {e} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {1-F^{\rm {\top -1}}\cdot F^{\rm {-1}}} )=\mathbf {F^{\rm {\top -1}}\cdot E\cdot F} ^{-1}\\{\text{Lagrange-Karni-Reiner}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {A} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {1-F^{\rm {-1}}\cdot F^{\rm {\top -1}}} )=\mathbf {F^{\rm {-1}}\cdot a\cdot F} ^{\top -1}\\{\text{Euler-Karni-Reiner}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {a} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {F\cdot F^{\top }-1} )=\mathbf {F\cdot A\cdot F} ^{\top }\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4f7f28fc447f7a85d34f753c722d4372d187812.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -10.171ex; width:68.484ex; height:21.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{Green-Lagrange}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {E} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot F-1} )=\mathbf {F^{\top }\cdot e\cdot F} \\{\text{Euler-Almansi}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {e} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {1-F^{\rm {\top -1}}\cdot F^{\rm {-1}}} )=\mathbf {F^{\rm {\top -1}}\cdot E\cdot F} ^{-1}\\{\text{Lagrange-Karni-Reiner}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {A} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {1-F^{\rm {-1}}\cdot F^{\rm {\top -1}}} )=\mathbf {F^{\rm {-1}}\cdot a\cdot F} ^{\top -1}\\{\text{Euler-Karni-Reiner}}&amp;\quad \mathbf {a} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {F\cdot F^{\top }-1} )=\mathbf {F\cdot A\cdot F} ^{\top }\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>berechnen sich die objektiven Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeiten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {d} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {l+l} ^{\top })=\mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {E} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}={\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}=\mathbf {F} \cdot {\dot {\mathbf {A} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }={\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {d} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {l+l} ^{\top })=\mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {E} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}={\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}=\mathbf {F} \cdot {\dot {\mathbf {A} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }={\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ef4c6d9ee26fb8f050ac2d4631c29df2d714919.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:54.954ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {d} :={\frac {1}{2}}(\mathbf {l+l} ^{\top })=\mathbf {F} ^{\top -1}\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {E} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1}={\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}=\mathbf {F} \cdot {\dot {\mathbf {A} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{\top }={\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die spezifische Spannungsleistung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}l_{i}=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}{\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}{\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:\mathbf {d} ={\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {d} ={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}(\mathbf {F\cdot N\cdot F} ^{\top -1}):{\dot {\mathbf {F} }}={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {N} :(\mathbf {F} ^{\top }\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1})\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
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<mi>l</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>:</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
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<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mo>:</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
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<mo>:</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
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</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">N</mi>
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<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}l_{i}=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}{\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}{\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:\mathbf {d} ={\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {d} ={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}(\mathbf {F\cdot N\cdot F} ^{\top -1}):{\dot {\mathbf {F} }}={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {N} :(\mathbf {F} ^{\top }\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1})\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/312274d18d1b2f85c3a166033fe9eeb8ea65f478.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -11.171ex; width:49.924ex; height:23.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}l_{i}=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}{\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}{\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:\mathbf {d} ={\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {d} ={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}\\=&amp;{\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}(\mathbf {F\cdot N\cdot F} ^{\top -1}):{\dot {\mathbf {F} }}={\frac {1}{\rho _{0}}}\mathbf {N} :(\mathbf {F} ^{\top }\cdot {\dot {\mathbf {F} }}\cdot \mathbf {F} ^{-1})\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist ρ<sub>0</sub> = ρ det(<b>F</b>) die Dichte des Materials, ρ die Dichte im verformten Körper und der Doppelpunkt „:“ bildet das <a href="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt" title="Frobenius-Skalarprodukt">Frobenius-Skalarprodukt</a> zweier Tensoren <b>A</b> und <b>B</b> mittels <b>A</b>&nbsp;: <b>B</b>&nbsp;:= Sp(<b>A</b><sup>T</sup> · <b>B</b>). Physikalisch relevant sind auch die inkrementelle Spannungsleistung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}:{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}=&amp;{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {S} }}:{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}\\{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}:{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}=&amp;{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {S} }}:{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}:{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}=&amp;{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {S} }}:{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}\\{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}:{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}=&amp;{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {S} }}:{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f209ed08ebacbe76b2127d9965fd038a148a10e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:13.55ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}:{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}=&amp;{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {S} }}:{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}\\{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}:{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}=&amp;{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {S} }}:{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die „Ergänzungsleistung“
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}:\mathbf {E} =&amp;{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {e} \quad \rightarrow \quad {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}({\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:\mathbf {E} )={\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}:\mathbf {E} +{\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}={\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {e} +\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}(\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {e} )\\{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}:\mathbf {A} =&amp;{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {a} \quad \rightarrow \quad {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}({\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:\mathbf {A} )={\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}:\mathbf {A} +{\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}={\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {a} +\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}={\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}(\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {a} ).\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}:\mathbf {E} =&amp;{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {e} \quad \rightarrow \quad {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}({\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:\mathbf {E} )={\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}:\mathbf {E} +{\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}={\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {e} +\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}(\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {e} )\\{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}:\mathbf {A} =&amp;{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {a} \quad \rightarrow \quad {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}({\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:\mathbf {A} )={\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}:\mathbf {A} +{\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}={\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {a} +\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}={\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}(\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {a} ).\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f8d2f6900b5e6403d0e7f5e9f5e029fbc657b27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.171ex; width:77.91ex; height:11.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}:\mathbf {E} =&amp;{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {e} \quad \rightarrow \quad {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}({\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:\mathbf {E} )={\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}}:\mathbf {E} +{\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}={\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {e} +\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {e} }}={\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}(\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {e} )\\{\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}:\mathbf {A} =&amp;{\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {a} \quad \rightarrow \quad {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}({\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:\mathbf {A} )={\dot {\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}}:\mathbf {A} +{\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:{\dot {\mathbf {A} }}={\stackrel {\Delta }{\mathbf {S} }}:\mathbf {a} +\mathbf {S} :{\stackrel {\nabla }{\mathbf {a} }}={\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}(\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {a} ).\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In den Klammern stehen die <a href="Arbeit_(Physik)" title="Arbeit (Physik)">Arbeitsausdrücke</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:\mathbf {E} =&amp;\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {e} \\{\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:\mathbf {A} =&amp;\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {a} \end{aligned}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:\mathbf {E} =&amp;\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {e} \\{\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:\mathbf {A} =&amp;\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {a} \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/942eadbb51cf3e7d58e95cec3d300d3d6124e320.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.48ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\tilde {\mathbf {T} }}:\mathbf {E} =&amp;\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {e} \\{\tilde {\mathbf {t} }}:\mathbf {A} =&amp;\mathbf {S} :\mathbf {a} \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>von Spannungen an Dehnungen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berechnung_der_Spannungen">Berechnung der Spannungen</h3></div>
<p>In der Auslegung von Bauteilen ist oftmals aus sicherheitstechnischen Gründen ein Nachweis zu erbringen, dass die Spannungen gewisse Grenzen nicht überschreiten. Relevant sind hier die oben definierte von Mises Vergleichsspannung und die maximale Schubspannung, für die der vollständige Spannungszustand oder Spannungstensor vorzulegen sind. Die physikalischen Gesetze machen keine Aussagen über das Materialverhalten und reichen daher für die Bestimmung des Spannungstensors nicht aus.
</p><p>Im allgemeinen Fall resultieren die Bewegung und der Spannungszustand aus einem nichtlinearen Zusammenspiel aus Lagerung, eingebrachter Belastung, Bauteil- und Materialeigenschaften. Die Reaktionskräfte in den Lagern und andere Belastungen induzieren ein Spannungstensorfeld, das über ein <a href="Materialmodell" title="Materialmodell">Materialmodell</a> mit einem <a href="Verzerrungstensor" title="Verzerrungstensor">Verzerrungstensorfeld</a> verknüpft ist, das sich wiederum aus Bewegungskomponenten ergibt, die den Lagerungen genügen. Das Gleichungssystem aus
</p>
<ul><li>Impulsbilanz und evtl. weiteren physikalischen Gesetzen,</li>
<li>kinematischen Gleichungen (Lagerungen und Verzerrungszustand) sowie</li>
<li>konstitutiven Gleichungen (Relation zwischen Spannungen und Verzerrungen)</li></ul>
<p>ist abgeschlossen und führt zur prinzipiellen Vorhersagbarkeit des Spannungs- und Bewegungszustands.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zugversuch">Zugversuch</h3></div>
<p>Bei einachsialem Zug eines geraden <a href="Prisma_(Geometrie)" title="Prisma (Geometrie)">prismatischen</a> <a href="Stab_(Statik)" title="Stab (Statik)">Stabes</a> in x-Richtung lautet der Spannungstensor
</p>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9728998a34f57567628d033704accf23ddeda703.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.438ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im statischen Gleichgewicht und in Abwesenheit einer volumenverteilten Kraft liefert die Impulsbilanz die Bedingung
</p>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sum _{k=1}^{3}{\hat {e}}_{k}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}\cdot \sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}={\frac {\partial \sigma }{\partial x}}{\hat {e}}_{x}={\vec {0}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3226afa367260813e4734e60b8e4be10f48f2816.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:45.096ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sum _{k=1}^{3}{\hat {e}}_{k}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}\cdot \sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}={\frac {\partial \sigma }{\partial x}}{\hat {e}}_{x}={\vec {0}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im statischen Gleichgewicht ist die Normalspannung <i>σ</i> also in x-Richtung konstant.
Die Seitenflächen des Stabes sind wegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{y}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}={\vec {0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{y}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a65271e6230ddf3b4e24c108c81a9ceb2e0862d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.541ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{y}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span> spannungsfrei.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biegung_des_geraden_Balkens">Biegung des geraden Balkens</h3></div>
<p>Bei der Biegung des geraden Balkens in der x-z-Ebene lautet der Spannungstensor
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=z\sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=z\sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/528d6c4fe8a486181d158f3dd78f55d7d00f8f05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.526ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=z\sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im statischen Gleichgewicht und in Abwesenheit einer volumenverteilten Kraft liefert die Impulsbilanz die Bedingung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sum _{k=1}^{3}{\hat {e}}_{k}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}\cdot z\sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}={\frac {\partial (z\sigma )}{\partial x}}{\hat {e}}_{x}={\vec {0}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>div</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sum _{k=1}^{3}{\hat {e}}_{k}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}\cdot z\sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}={\frac {\partial (z\sigma )}{\partial x}}{\hat {e}}_{x}={\vec {0}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/caff4f0e82f61a52b42754f5241dc5bf51276f57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:49.081ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=\sum _{k=1}^{3}{\hat {e}}_{k}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}\cdot z\sigma {\hat {e}}_{x}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{x}={\frac {\partial (z\sigma )}{\partial x}}{\hat {e}}_{x}={\vec {0}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Also muss auch hier <i>σ</i> in x-Richtung konstant sein und die Seitenflächen des Balkens können bei kleinen Verschiebungen wegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{y}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}={\vec {0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{y}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a65271e6230ddf3b4e24c108c81a9ceb2e0862d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.541ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{y}={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span> als in guter Näherung spannungsfrei gelten. Siehe auch das Beispiel bei den <a href="Kompatibilit%C3%A4tsbedingung#Beispiel" title="Kompatibilitätsbedingung">Kompatibilitätsbedingungen</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torsion">Torsion</h3></div>

<p>Bei der <a href="Torsion_(Mechanik)" title="Torsion (Mechanik)">Torsion</a> des geraden Kreiszylinders um seine <a href="Figurenachse" title="Figurenachse">Figurenachse</a>, die in <a href="Zylinderkoordinaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Zylinderkoordinaten">Zylinderkoordinaten</a> (r,<i>φ</i>,z) in Richtung der z-Achse liegt, lautet der Spannungstensor
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\tau ({\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{z}+{\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi })}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\tau ({\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{z}+{\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi })}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e5364474b5b6b0c9b8454a632dd61ea7e957dc3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.009ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\tau ({\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\otimes {\hat {e}}_{z}+{\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes {\hat {e}}_{\varphi })}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit einer Schubspannung <i>τ</i>. Im statischen Gleichgewicht und in Abwesenheit einer volumenverteilten Kraft liefert die Impulsbilanz die Bedingung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;\left[\sigma _{rr,r}+{\frac {1}{r}}(\sigma _{\varphi r,\varphi }+\sigma _{rr}-\sigma _{\varphi \varphi })+\sigma _{zr,z}\right]{\hat {e}}_{r}\\&amp;+\left[\sigma _{r\varphi ,r}+{\frac {1}{r}}(\sigma _{\varphi \varphi ,\varphi }+\sigma _{r\varphi }+\sigma _{\varphi r})+\sigma _{z\varphi ,z}\right]{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\\&amp;+\left[\sigma _{rz,r}+{\frac {1}{r}}(\sigma _{\varphi z,\varphi }+\sigma _{rz})+\sigma _{zz,z}\right]{\hat {e}}_{z}\\=&amp;{\frac {\partial \sigma _{z\varphi }}{\partial z}}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+{\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial \sigma _{\varphi z}}{\partial \varphi }}{\hat {e}}_{z}={\frac {\partial \tau }{\partial z}}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+{\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial \tau }{\partial \varphi }}{\hat {e}}_{z}={\vec {0}},\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;\left[\sigma _{rr,r}+{\frac {1}{r}}(\sigma _{\varphi r,\varphi }+\sigma _{rr}-\sigma _{\varphi \varphi })+\sigma _{zr,z}\right]{\hat {e}}_{r}\\&amp;+\left[\sigma _{r\varphi ,r}+{\frac {1}{r}}(\sigma _{\varphi \varphi ,\varphi }+\sigma _{r\varphi }+\sigma _{\varphi r})+\sigma _{z\varphi ,z}\right]{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\\&amp;+\left[\sigma _{rz,r}+{\frac {1}{r}}(\sigma _{\varphi z,\varphi }+\sigma _{rz})+\sigma _{zz,z}\right]{\hat {e}}_{z}\\=&amp;{\frac {\partial \sigma _{z\varphi }}{\partial z}}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+{\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial \sigma _{\varphi z}}{\partial \varphi }}{\hat {e}}_{z}={\frac {\partial \tau }{\partial z}}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+{\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial \tau }{\partial \varphi }}{\hat {e}}_{z}={\vec {0}},\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/994e2ba5354815c308c12825f46485bb834275ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.005ex; width:55.39ex; height:25.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {div} ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=&amp;\left[\sigma _{rr,r}+{\frac {1}{r}}(\sigma _{\varphi r,\varphi }+\sigma _{rr}-\sigma _{\varphi \varphi })+\sigma _{zr,z}\right]{\hat {e}}_{r}\\&amp;+\left[\sigma _{r\varphi ,r}+{\frac {1}{r}}(\sigma _{\varphi \varphi ,\varphi }+\sigma _{r\varphi }+\sigma _{\varphi r})+\sigma _{z\varphi ,z}\right]{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }\\&amp;+\left[\sigma _{rz,r}+{\frac {1}{r}}(\sigma _{\varphi z,\varphi }+\sigma _{rz})+\sigma _{zz,z}\right]{\hat {e}}_{z}\\=&amp;{\frac {\partial \sigma _{z\varphi }}{\partial z}}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+{\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial \sigma _{\varphi z}}{\partial \varphi }}{\hat {e}}_{z}={\frac {\partial \tau }{\partial z}}{\hat {e}}_{\varphi }+{\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial \tau }{\partial \varphi }}{\hat {e}}_{z}={\vec {0}},\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die erfüllt ist, wenn <i>τ</i> in z- und <i>φ</i>-Richtung konstant ist. Eine Koordinate nach einem Komma im Index bedeutet hier eine Ableitung nach der Koordinate wie in
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{z\varphi ,z}:={\frac {\partial \sigma _{z\varphi }}{\partial z}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{z\varphi ,z}:={\frac {\partial \sigma _{z\varphi }}{\partial z}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed6a90f094c4122257acffe5f1256a4f737343f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.581ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{z\varphi ,z}:={\frac {\partial \sigma _{z\varphi }}{\partial z}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Mantelfläche des Zylinders ist wegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{r}={\vec {0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{r}={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84cb76d9c5ce7cd78ac19222234999196ee35e7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.8ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {e}}_{r}={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span> spannungsfrei.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eigensystem">Eigensystem</h3></div>
<p>Der Cauchy’sche Spannungstensor habe die Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;6&amp;-4\\6&amp;0&amp;6\\-4&amp;6&amp;-2\end{pmatrix}}\,\mathrm {MPa} \,\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>6</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>6</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>6</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>6</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;6&amp;-4\\6&amp;0&amp;6\\-4&amp;6&amp;-2\end{pmatrix}}\,\mathrm {MPa} \,\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f465d2de0c86a055cb02b9f7dbd9a22bd6a93ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:27.944ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;6&amp;-4\\6&amp;0&amp;6\\-4&amp;6&amp;-2\end{pmatrix}}\,\mathrm {MPa} \,\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Seine charakteristische Gleichung lautet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {det} \left({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-\sigma _{i}\mathbf {1} \right)=-\sigma _{i}^{3}-4\,\mathrm {MPa} \,\sigma _{i}^{2}+84{\,\mathrm {MPa} \,}^{2}\sigma _{i}-144{\,\mathrm {MPa} \,}^{3}=0\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>det</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn mathvariant="bold">1</mn>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>84</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>144</mn>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {det} \left({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-\sigma _{i}\mathbf {1} \right)=-\sigma _{i}^{3}-4\,\mathrm {MPa} \,\sigma _{i}^{2}+84{\,\mathrm {MPa} \,}^{2}\sigma _{i}-144{\,\mathrm {MPa} \,}^{3}=0\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1019de8c988227737e063b266800490448eb4136.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:64.591ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {det} \left({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}-\sigma _{i}\mathbf {1} \right)=-\sigma _{i}^{3}-4\,\mathrm {MPa} \,\sigma _{i}^{2}+84{\,\mathrm {MPa} \,}^{2}\sigma _{i}-144{\,\mathrm {MPa} \,}^{3}=0\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die die Lösungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{I}=6\,\mathrm {MPa} \,,\sigma _{II}=2\,\mathrm {MPa} \,,\sigma _{III}=-12\,\mathrm {MPa} \,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>12</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{I}=6\,\mathrm {MPa} \,,\sigma _{II}=2\,\mathrm {MPa} \,,\sigma _{III}=-12\,\mathrm {MPa} \,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/16bffa669f5b8aa87ab38d4438a1b1f268ea096a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:44.423ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{I}=6\,\mathrm {MPa} \,,\sigma _{II}=2\,\mathrm {MPa} \,,\sigma _{III}=-12\,\mathrm {MPa} \,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>besitzt. Mit dem Ansatz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{1}={\left({1,}a,b\right)}^{\top }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{1}={\left({1,}a,b\right)}^{\top }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e05709faa272856d82444459bc7511a1e4b02399.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.719ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{1}={\left({1,}a,b\right)}^{\top }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bekommt man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}{\vec {v}}_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;6&amp;-4\\6&amp;0&amp;6\\-4&amp;6&amp;-2\end{pmatrix}}\,\mathrm {MPa} \,{\begin{pmatrix}1\\a\\b\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}-2+6a-4b\\6+6b\\-4+6a-2b\end{pmatrix}}\,\mathrm {MPa} \,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}6\,\mathrm {MPa} \,{\begin{pmatrix}1\\a\\b\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
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<mi>v</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mn>4</mn>
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<mn>6</mn>
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</mtd>
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<mn>6</mn>
</mtd>
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<mn>4</mn>
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<mn>6</mn>
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<mover>
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<mo>!</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}{\vec {v}}_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;6&amp;-4\\6&amp;0&amp;6\\-4&amp;6&amp;-2\end{pmatrix}}\,\mathrm {MPa} \,{\begin{pmatrix}1\\a\\b\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}-2+6a-4b\\6+6b\\-4+6a-2b\end{pmatrix}}\,\mathrm {MPa} \,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}6\,\mathrm {MPa} \,{\begin{pmatrix}1\\a\\b\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7f889415b0de6c5baf42a81a5709faa0d19ed19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:76.628ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}{\vec {v}}_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}-2&amp;6&amp;-4\\6&amp;0&amp;6\\-4&amp;6&amp;-2\end{pmatrix}}\,\mathrm {MPa} \,{\begin{pmatrix}1\\a\\b\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}-2+6a-4b\\6+6b\\-4+6a-2b\end{pmatrix}}\,\mathrm {MPa} \,{\stackrel {\displaystyle !}{=}}6\,\mathrm {MPa} \,{\begin{pmatrix}1\\a\\b\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der Lösung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=2,b=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=2,b=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2193eb24815158b4909a6b5b16d558d36537b9e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=2,b=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Konsequenz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{1}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {6}}}(1,2,1)^{\top }\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>6</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{1}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {6}}}(1,2,1)^{\top }\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/080e8d80252997837a1d037ee1e1ff26c34979fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:19.223ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{1}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {6}}}(1,2,1)^{\top }\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Entsprechend ermittelt man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{2}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(-1,0,1)^{\top },{\hat {v}}_{3}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}(1,-1,1)^{\top }\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{2}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(-1,0,1)^{\top },{\hat {v}}_{3}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}(1,-1,1)^{\top }\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff2477e61fd4ec5ce9d6a519744528f7e31eaf69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:42.063ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}_{2}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(-1,0,1)^{\top },{\hat {v}}_{3}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}(1,-1,1)^{\top }\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Eigenvektoren sind paarweise senkrecht aufeinander. In dem Basissystem der Eigenvektoren hat der Spannungstensor Diagonalgestalt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{I}&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;\sigma _{II}&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;\sigma _{III}\end{pmatrix}}_{{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{j}}={\begin{pmatrix}6&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;2&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;-12\end{pmatrix}}_{{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{j}}\,\mathrm {MPa} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
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<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
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<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>6</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>12</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{I}&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;\sigma _{II}&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;\sigma _{III}\end{pmatrix}}_{{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{j}}={\begin{pmatrix}6&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;2&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;-12\end{pmatrix}}_{{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{j}}\,\mathrm {MPa} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fbea87ee1df430ce1fd031db04667821b7380b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.838ex; width:57.336ex; height:10.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{I}&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;\sigma _{II}&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;\sigma _{III}\end{pmatrix}}_{{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{j}}={\begin{pmatrix}6&amp;0&amp;0\\0&amp;2&amp;0\\0&amp;0&amp;-12\end{pmatrix}}_{{\hat {v}}_{i}\otimes {\hat {v}}_{j}}\,\mathrm {MPa} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>was die Invarianz seiner Spur bestätigt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Euler-Gleichungen_(Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik)" title="Euler-Gleichungen (Strömungsmechanik)">Euler-Gleichungen (Strömungsmechanik)</a></li>
<li><a href="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen" title="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen">Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen</a></li>
<li><a href="Navier-Cauchy-Gleichungen" title="Navier-Cauchy-Gleichungen">Navier-Cauchy-Gleichungen</a></li>
<li><a href="Spannungsfunktion" title="Spannungsfunktion">Spannungsfunktion</a></li>
<li><a href="Form%C3%A4nderungsenergie" class="mw-redirect" title="Formänderungsenergie">Formänderungsenergie</a></li>
<li><a href="Formelsammlung_Tensoralgebra" title="Formelsammlung Tensoralgebra">Formelsammlung Tensoralgebra</a></li>
<li><a href="Formelsammlung_Tensoranalysis" title="Formelsammlung Tensoranalysis">Formelsammlung Tensoranalysis</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bezeichnung nach Haupt (2010), der auf C. Truesdell: <cite style="font-style:italic">Die Nicht-Linearen Feldtheorien der Mechanik</cite>. In: S. Flügge (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Handbuch der Physik</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>III/3</span>. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-46017-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Spannungstensor&amp;rft.atitle=Die+Nicht-Linearen+Feldtheorien+der+Mechanik&amp;rft.au=C.+Truesdell&amp;rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Physik&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642460173&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.volume=Band+III%2F3" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span> verweist.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N.S. Ottosen, M. Ristinmaa: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Mechanics of Constitutive Modeling</cite>. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2005, ISBN 0-08-044606-X, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>149<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=t2a4tl6uRVYC&amp;pg=PA149&amp;#v=onepage&amp;f=false">google.de</a> [abgerufen am 14.&nbsp;Januar 2017]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Spannungstensor&amp;rft.au=N.S.+Ottosen%2C+M.+Ristinmaa&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mechanics+of+Constitutive+Modeling&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=008044606X&amp;rft.pages=149+f.&amp;rft.place=Amsterdam&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandt, Dahmen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mechanik: Eine Einführung in Experiment und Theorie</cite>. Springer, 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>326</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783662085912">springer.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Spannungstensor&amp;rft.au=Brandt%2C+Dahmen&amp;rft.btitle=Mechanik%3A+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+Experiment+und+Theorie&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=326&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haupt (2010), S. 283.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bei Haupt (2010) ist <b>A</b><sub>Haupt</sub> = <b>e</b><sub>Wikipedia</sub>, <b>e</b><sub>Haupt</sub> = -<b>A</b><sub>Wikipedia</sub> und <b>a</b><sub>Haupt</sub> = -<b>a</b><sub>Wikipedia</sub></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Holm Altenbach: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kontinuumsmechanik. Einführung in die materialunabhängigen und materialabhängigen Gleichungen</cite>. 2. Auflage. Springer Vieweg, Berlin u. a. 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-24118-5.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Spannungstensor&amp;rft.au=Holm+Altenbach&amp;rft.btitle=Kontinuumsmechanik.+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+materialunabh%C3%A4ngigen+und+materialabh%C3%A4ngigen+Gleichungen&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.edition=2.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642241185&amp;rft.place=Berlin+u.+a.&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Vieweg" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>P. Haupt: <cite style="font-style:italic">Continuum Mechanics and Theory of Materials</cite>. Springer, 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-07718-0.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Spannungstensor&amp;rft.au=P.+Haupt&amp;rft.btitle=Continuum+Mechanics+and+Theory+of+Materials&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642077180&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a>, <a href="Robert_B._Leighton" title="Robert B. Leighton">Robert B. Leighton</a>, <a href="Matthew_Sands" title="Matthew Sands">Matthew Sands</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Feynman Lectures on Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts 1964, 31-6 The tensor of stress (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_31.html">caltech.edu</a> – anschauliche Beschreibung).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Spannungstensor&amp;rft.atitle=31-6+The+tensor+of+stress&amp;rft.au=Richard+P.+Feynman%2C+Robert+B.+Leighton%2C+Matthew+Sands&amp;rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Reading%2C+Massachusetts&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&amp;rft.volume=2" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
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